| Although it seems that a breaking of promise and producing the penalty always relate both sides of the contractors in history, but the phenomenon revealed by Turfan Uighur documents of the late 19th to the early 2oth centuries shows the different situations than before. During Yuan dynasty, the phenomenon of the vialation of a contract and the punishment written in local documents presents that the involved persons were not only limited to the contractors, but also mentioned about the emperors, princes and other officials. In most of the time, for the Uighur's people, their attitudes toward Yuan's aristocratics displayed that they were more respective on the Yuan's officials than to their own kings. And the phenomenon of the penalties from breaking a promise from the Uighur's documents is shown that there were so different from both from Dunhuang documents and Kharakhoto's doucuments.Even some evidences have been seen from the non-official contracts of Tang danasty and reflect that there were official penalties during that time, in somehow, the principles of "The officials follow the laws, but the ordinary people prefer the contracts" still dominated the local people's economic activites. In those contracts, there are no other persons involved except the contractors, and the fines absolutely came from the government. The other records of default penalty also are also shown by Khara-Khoto's documents and the punishments mainly carried out the law of by Tian Sheng Lv Ling.The phenomenon of official fine on breaking contracts in Uighur areas in Yuan Danasty caused mainly by the political reasions, that the Yuan's government had a powerful influences on the Uighur areas during that time. Based on this point, this paper analyzes the historical phenomenon above by a scientific method and illustrates the historical reasons and the results. By this paper, it also proves that the controlling and the administration from Yuan government on the Uighur people was so strong and completely. |
PDF Full Text Request