Study Of The Effects Of Three Sources Of Oil Cake On Animal Production And Rumen Development In Male Calves

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of palm ker nel cake,oil-tea camellia seed cake and tea seed cake supplementation on the rumen fermentation characteristics,rumen degradation rate,growth performance,nutrient digestion and bacterial community of male calves using in vitro gas production,in situ nylon bag technique,total collection digestion trial,and feeding trial.The specific content is divided into the following four aspects:Exp.1 This study was conducted to evaluate the nutrition values on beef cattle of the diets including palm kernel cake,oil-tea camellia seed cake or tea seed cake was evaluated by in vitro gas production and in situ method.Four kinds of total mixed diets were prepared,Group A was control,Groups B,C and D were substituted 5%palm kernel cake,oil-tea camellia seed cake and tea seed cake for soybean which was used in control group,respectively,and finely,all groups were modulated to equal metabolic energy and proteins.The results showed as follows:1)The 96 h total gas production in D diet is the higher than A,B,a nd C（p<0.05）.The VFA concentration in B group at 24 and 48 h was both greater than A group（p<0.05）.The propionic acid content in D group at 24 and 48 h was both higher than A group（p<0.05）.2)The ruminal CP degradation was highest for C group significantly higher than A group（p<0.05）.3)The energy and nitrogen balance of A group was larger than other diets,and the energy and nitrogen balance value of B group was close to 0.It can be concluded that basal diets added with palm kernel cake,oil-tea camellia seed cake,and tea seed cake are rich in nutrients and good for improving rumen fermentation.Tea seed cake diet has better advantages in providing energy for rumen fermentation and the ruminal nutrients digestibility was best.The energy and nitro gen balance of the palm kernel cake diet is the best.Exp.2 This study aimed to investigate the effects of palm kernel cake,oil-tea camellia seed cake and tea seed cake supplementation on growth performance,serum antioxidant activity and Immune function of male calves.Forty-eight 2 month-old healthy weaned male calves were randomly divided into four groups with twelve calves each,Four kinds of total mixed diets in experiment 1 were fed separately.The results showed as follows:The final weight and average daily gain of calves in the addition of 5%palm kernel cake were significantly higher than those in control group（P<0.05）,dry matter intake and body measurements of calves in the addition of 5%palm kernel cake were not significantly different from those in control group（P>0.05）,but significantly higher than those in other two groups（P<0.05）;at30 and 60 d,the serum IgG,IgA,IgM,concentrations of calves in the addition of 5%tea seed cake were significantly higher than those in control groups（P<0.05）.It can be seen that the addition of 5%palm kernel cake in the diet can promote the growth of crossbred calves;The addition of 5%tea seed cake can improve the IgG,IgA and IgM levels of calves,but decrease the feed intake of calves;The addition of 5%tea-seed pancake reduces the feed intake of calves.Exp.3 The purpose of this study was to study the differences of growth,nutrient absorption and digestion of calves fed with palm kernel cake,tea-seed pancake or tea seed cake.The experiment design is the same as that of experiment two.The results showed that:1)the average daily gain and dry matter intake in the B group were s ignificantly higher than those in the C and D groups（P<0.05）,and there was no significant difference between A and B group.Feed efficiency of the D group was significantly higher than that of the other 3 groups（P<0.05）.2)When the calves were 150 d,the apparent digestibility of dry matter in the A,B and C groups were significantly higher than that in D group（P<0.05）;the apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber in A group was significantly higher than that in the other 3 groups（P<0.05）;The digestibility of energy in A,B and C groups was significantly higher than that in D group（P<0.05）;The apparent digestibility and deposition rate of nitrogen of calves in B group was significantly higher than that in D group（P<0.05）,and had no significant difference with that in A group（P>0.05）.3)During the whole experiment,the concentration of serum Glu in B group was significantly higher than that of A and C group（P<0.05）;the serum TG concentration in A group was significantly lower than that of D group（P<0.05）;serum BUN concentration of C group was significantly higher than that of A,B,D group（P<0.05）.At 90 d,the serum TP concentration of group B and group C was significantly higher than that of group A（P<0.05）.At 150 d,The serum GLB concentration in a group was significantly higher than that in group C（P<0.05）.To sum up,When 5%palm kernel meal is added to the diet,the growth of crossbred calves can be the same as those fed with full soybean cake,and the diet is easy to digest and utilize,serum biochemical indexes are in the normal range,do not affect the health of calves;The addition of 5%tea seed cake or tea-seed pancake decreases the feed intake,nitrogen digestibility,apparent digestibility of nitrogen,and affects the growth and development of calves.Exp.4 This study assessed the effects of pa lm kernel cake,oil-tea camellia seed cake and tea seed cake supplementation on the rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial community in male calves.The experiment design is the same as that of experiment two.The results showed that:1)The concentration of NH₃-N in group B was significantly higher than that in group C and group D（P<0.05）.The concentration of TVFA in B group was significantly higher than that of C group（P<0.05）;the ratio of acetate and propionate and acetate concentration of B group were significantly higher than that of A,C,D group（P<0.05）;propionate concentration of C group was significantly higher than that of A group and B group（P<0.05）.2)The microbial diversity of rumen fluid of calves in group C were significantly higher than that in group A（P<0.05）.3)At the genus level,Prevotella₁ proportion of the total number of sequences of calves in group A was significantly higher than that in group D（P>0.05）.To sum up,the dietary including the three plant cake significantly affected the species and abundance of the rumen microorganisms,but have no effects on the level of genus of microorganisms.