| Stropharia rugosoannulata is one of the straw-decay mushrooms which are produced mainly with all kinds of crop straw.Stropharia rugosoannulata is an ideal edible fungus cultivated in forest because of its extensive adaptability,strong ability to resist contaminating microorganism,simple cultivation technique,and high yield.Cultivation Stropharia rugosoannulata in forest can not only provide imitation wild edible fungus,but also increase soil nutrients,improve soil fertility,improve microbial communities,increase the number of soil beneficial microorganism,enhance the tree vigor and many other effects.In this paper,the effects of different cultivation years on soil nutrients and microbes were studied by chemical assay,microbial separation and high throughput sequencing to explore the new ways of soil restoration and fertility improvement.The main results are as follows:1.Effects of cultivation Stropharia rugosoannulata in forest on soil nutrients.Compared with the control(Y1),samples with Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation(Y2-5)increase the soil nutrients in different degrees.Sample(Y5)with Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation every other year increase the most significant,of which the contents of organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,available nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium increase by 70.7%,72.1%,9.3%,62.3%,111.7% and 36.5% respectively.The increase of organic matter,total nitrogen and available phosphorus in sample(Y4)with Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation the present year is the smallest and increased by 2.8%,4.7%,7.6% respectively,and no significant change in total phosphorus,available nitrogen and available potassium are reduced by 16.53% and 7.3%,respectively.2.Effects of cultivation Stropharia rugosoannulata in forest on soil water holding capacity and p H.Compared with the control(Y1),the soil water holding capacity and pH of sample(Y5)with Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation every other year are significantly increased by 15.7% and 3.9%,respectively.There is no significant change in field water content in sample(Y3)with continuous cultivation for two years,but the pH of Y3 is increased by 2.3%.There is no significant change in soil water holding capacity and pH in sample(Y2)after cultivation for one year and sample(Y4)with Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation the present year.3.Effects of cultivation Stropharia rugosoannulata in forest on soil microbe.(1)The main groups of soil microbes are changed compared with the control.The number of aerobic bacteria,filamentous fungi and actinomycetes in sample(Y5)with Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation every other year are increases the most significant by 219.7%,58.6% and 97.5% respectively,and sample(Y4)with Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation the present year increases by 92.7%,7.5% and 23.3% respectively.For sample(Y2)after cultivation for one year and sample(Y3)with continuous cultivation for two years,the number of aerobic bacteria increase significantly by 117.1% and 122.4% respectively;the number of actinomycetes increase significantly by 86.4% and 86% respectively;and the number of filamentous fungi decrease significantly by 28.9% and 5.6% respectively.(2)Compared with the control,the number of ammoniated bacteria,nitrite bacteria,aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria,aerobic cellulose-decomposing bacteria,inorganic phosphorus bacteria and sulfonated bacteria of sample(Y5)with Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation every other year increase significantly by 127.9%,82%,48.3%,150.8%,177.8% and 117.3%,respectively.For sample(Y4)with Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation the present year,the number of aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and aerobic cellulose decomposing bacteria increase by 29% and 20.6% respectively,and the number of inorganic phosphorus bacteria and sulfide bacteria increase by 134.7% and 101% respectively,the number of ammoniated bacteria and nitrite bacteria significantly reduce by 16% and 35% respectively.The number of ammoniated bacteria,nitrite bacteria,aerobic self-generated nitrogen fixation bacteria,aerobic cellulose decomposition,inorganic phosphorus bacteria and sulfonated bacteria significantly increase by 53%,56.9%,151.2%,242.2%,58.7%,46.5% in sample(Y2)after cultivation for one year respectively,and increase by 12.6%,10%,121%,291.5%,106.5%,18.3% in sample(Y3)with continuous cultivation for two years respectively.The number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in Y2,and nitrite bacteria and cellulose-decomposing bacteria in Y3 increase the most among all samples.In addition,the number of denitrifying bacteria in samples(Y2-5)with Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation significantly reduce by 69.1%,58.6%,71.8% and 20.4% respectively.4.Effects of cultivation of Stropharia rugosoannulata in forest on soil microbial biomass barbon.Compared with the control,the change of the mean value of microbial biomass carbon is not significant in sample(Y3)with continuous cultivation for two years and sample(Y5)with Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation every other year,and sample(Y4)with Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation the present year significantly reduce by 44%,sample(Y2)after cultivation for one year significantly increase by 18.1%.5.16 S rDNA high-throughput sequencing analysis showes that the abundance and diversity of soil bacterial communities are not significantly changed compared with the control,but the community structure change obviously.At the genus level,all samples have their own dominant genus.The dominant genus of the control are anaerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria.While the dominant genus of samples cultivated Stropharia rugosoannulata are basically all aerobic bacteria or facultative anaerobic bacteria.In addition,the number of the dominant genus of sample(Y5)with Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation every other year is about twice that of the control.6.The correlation analysis of soil environmental factors and microbes showes that the bacterial community composition is related to field capacity(FC),p H,organic matter(OM),total phosphorus(TP),and available nitrogen(AN).OM,TP and AN correlate significantly with community composition(p-value < 0.01).And the environmental factors combination(AN,AP,AK)correlate significantly with community composition(p-value < 0.01). |
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