| The experiment was carried out in Shandong Agriculture University experiment farms(35°24’N, 116°24’E) from 2013～2014 and 2014～2015 wheat growing seasons. In 2013～2014growing season, we used three cultivars: Jimai22(J22), Tainong18(T18) and Liangxing99(L99); in 2014～2015 growing season, we used J22, T18, L99, Shannong 22(S22),shannong22(S22) and Shannong23(S23) cultivars, and set W0(no irrigation during the whole growing season), W1(soil profiles were measured with the range of 0～40 cm for soil water content prior to supplymental irrigation. Supplymental irrigation brought the soil water content in each measured soil profile to 65% field capacity at jointing and 65% field capacity at anthesis), W2(quantifying irrigation, 60 mm of irrigation at both jointing and anthesis).The experiment utilized the split-plot design with 3 replications.The study reseached the differences in wheat photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency between wheat moisture measurement technology and traditional irrigation and its physiological basis, due to provide technical and theoretical basis for water-saving and high-yield cultivation of wheat. The experiment results were showed below:1 The classification and the water consumption characteristics of different wheat cultivarsIn 2014～2015 growing season, 6 wheat cultivars were divided in Euclidean distance 2.41 dispose of 2 croups based on average yield and water use efficiency. Group Ⅰ was high water use efficiency, include J22, T18, S23. Group Ⅱ was middle water use efficiency, include L99,S20, and S22. The expriments chose J22 and L99 for further study.In two growing seasons, the water consumption amount, CD and CP of W1 treatment in two wheat cultivars during anthesis to maturity was higher than W2 treatment. The soil water consumption amount in 0～200cm soil layer during anthesis to maturity was highest in W1 treatment. The soil water consumption amount of 60～120cm soil layers in the whole growth stage of two cultivars was W1>W2>W0. Under the conditions of water treatment, the soilwater consumption amount of 0～200cm soil layers in the whole growth stage, water consumption during jointing to maturity and soil water consumption amount of 60～140cm soil layers of whole growth stage of J22 were all significantly higher than L99.2 Photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf, dry matter accumulation and distributionIn two wheat growing seasons, the actual photochemical efficiency(ФPSⅡ), electron transport rate(ETR) and the photochemical quenching(qp) of flag leaf in two wheat cultivars in 14day(d), 21 d and 28 d after anthesis were W1>W2>W0. The relative chlorophyll content(CCI), net photosynthetic rate(Pn), transpiration rate(Tr), stomatal conductance(Gs) and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration(Ci) were the highest in W1 treatment. Under the condition of two wheat cultivars, the interception rate of canopy photosynthetic active radiation(PAR) of W1 was significantly higher than that of W2; the PAR transmittance of W1 was significantly lower than that of W2; and the PAR reflectance was not significant different between W1 and W2 treatment. The ФPSⅡ, ETR, qp, Pn and Tr of flag leaf in J22 were significantly higher than that of L99 in 14 d, 21 d, 28 d after anthesis.In two wheat growing seasons, W1 treatment which the sucrose content and sucrose phosphate synthase activity of flag leaf in two wheat cultivars in 14 d, 21 d, 28 d after anthesis were significantly higher than W2. The dry matter accumulation in maturity, dry matter allocation of grain in maturity, grain dry matter accumulation after anthesis and its contribution to grain yield of two wheat cultivars were the highest in W1 treatment. The stem,sheath and leaf dry matter allocation amount of W2 treatment in maturity, the translocation amount of dry matter to grain pre-anthesis and its grain contribution rate were higher than W1.The grain filling rate was W1>W2>W0 in 28 d and 35 d after anthesis. Under the conditions of water treatment, the dry matter accumulation in maturity, dry matter allocation of grain in maturity, dry matter accumulation amount of grain after anthesis and its contribution rate to grain of J22 was significantly higher than L99. The grain filling rate of 28 d, 35 d after anthesis of J22 was significantly higher than that of L99.3 Accumulation and distribution of nitrogen in plant and the characteristics of flag leaf senescenceIn two wheat growing seasons, the nitrogen accumulation amount of plant of maturity,the nitrogen accumulation amount of grain in maturity, the nitrogen accumulation amount ofgrain after anthesis and its contribution rate to grain of two wheat cultivars showed W1>W2>W0. The nitrogen translocation amount from vegetative organs to grain was W2>W1>W0. In two cultivars, the nitrogen uptake efficiency of W1 was significantly higher than that of W2. In two wheat growing seasons, under W1 and W2 treatment conditions, the nitrogen accumulation amount of plant in maturity, the nitrogen accumulation amount of grain in maturity, the nitrogen accumulation amount of grain after anthesis and its contribution rate to grain of J22 were all significantly higher than those of L99. Under W1 treatment conditions,nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity of J22 were significantly higher than those of L99.The superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT) activity and soluble protein content of flag leaf in two cultivars showed W1>W2>W0; the content of malondialdehyde(MDA) in flag leaf was W0>W2>W1 in 14d、21d、28d after anthesis. Under the conditions of water treatments, SOD, CAT activity and soluble protein content in flag leaf of J22 were significantly higher than that of L99 in 14d、21d、28d after anthesis. But the content of MDA of J22 was significantly lower than that of L99.4 Yield, water use efficiency and irrigation efficiencyIn two wheat growing seasons, the yield and water use efficiency of two wheat cultivars were W1>W2>W0. 2013～2014 wheat growing season, under the conditions of W1 treatment,the irrigation efficiency of J22 was significantly higher than that of L99, and there was no significant difference between the treatments of L99. 2014～2015 wheat growing season, the irrigation efficiency of two wheat cultivars was W1>W2. The highest yield and water use efficiency of two wheat cultivars were obtained under W1 condition. Therefore, W1 treatment is the best irrigation method under the condition of this experiment. In two wheat growing seasons, under the conditions of water treatments, the yield and water use efficiency were the highest in J22, and J22 obtained the highest yield and water use efficiency under the condition of W1. The results showed that J22 was a high yield and high water use wheat cultivar under the condition of this experiment. |
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