Bisphenol A And Phthalate Esters In Indoor Dust From Urban Area In Shanghai

For Chinese urban residents,about 90%of their time were spent in the room,and lots of flame retardants,plasticizers,surface anti-fouling agent and surfactant organic compounds used in the indoor environment were important factors for"modern exposure".In the room,some semi-volatile chemicals were more likely to be adsorbed or enriched on the surface of the dust particles,so the indoor dust was often used as a"sink"of indoor contaminants;however,the level of human exposure could also be indicated effectively by its surface-enriched pollutant concentration.In this study,the ground dust samples（n=97）were collected from residential,supermarket,student dormitory and office in the central urban area of Shanghai from November 2015 to March 2016.The analytical methods of phthalate esters（PAEs）and bisphenol-A（BPA）in indoor dust were established.The pollution levels,distribution characteristics and correlations based on statistical software of seven PAEs and BPA in four kinds of indoor environments were analyzed.Using the Monte Carlo simulation,the daily intake of PAEs&BPA and lifetime cancer risks（ILCR）from inhalation exposure based on the concentrations of DEHP in different age groups in indoor dust were preliminary estimated.For exposure to relatively high risk groups of adults,further consideration were needed to assess the carcinogenic risk of oral non-dietary intake based on dust in different indoor environments.Based on the relevant parameters and limits,the cumulative risk of PAEs and the risk quotient of DEHP for adult exposure to indoor dust were estimated.The major findings and research conclusions were as following:（1）Seven PAEs were detected in all 97 dust samples with the concentration range from 127 to 3129μg/g and the median concentration was 542μg/g.The concentration of DEHP was the highest one;however,DMP was found with the lowest median concentration in this study.Compared with concentration values around the world,the concentration of PAEs in indoor dust in Shanghai was around the middle or lower than the concentration levels.The concentration range of BPA was 0.20μg/g⁴.70μg/g and the median concentration was 0.65μg/g.Athough the detection value of BPA in indoor dust was slightly higher than other domestic studies,it was still not prominent compared with the international detection value.（2）The concentrations of phthalate esters were found to be the highest in offices,followed by residential houses,college dormitories and shopping markets,while the concentrations of BPA were found to be the highest in offices and shopping markets,followed by college dormitories and residential houses.（3）In this study,the Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the concentration correlation of 97 dust samples.Based on the concentrations of 36residential samples,BPA was significantly correlated with DEHP&∑PAEs at 0.01level and with DNOP at 0.05 level.What’s more,there were significant correlations among the PAE individuals in different indoor environments.（4）Based on the data of 97 dust samples,the daily intake of BPA and PAEs in indoor environmental dusts of different age groups in Shanghai showed that as the age increases,the daily intake（DI）has a tendency to decrease.The DI of dermal absorption is less than 1%of different age groups.ΣPAEs daily intake range of 360²521 ng/kg-bw/day,BPA daily intake range of 0.44³.22 ng/kg-bw/day.（5）Based on the balance of dust and gas DEHP concentration distribution,ILCR caused by respiration of DEHP in dust was carried out for the first time.According to the age groups,the values of ILCR in a decreasing order are as following:adult>adolescent>child;and that of females is higher than males.Among children and adolescents,there is a potential carcinogenic risk of only 1%of the sample,and adult men and women have potential carcinogenic risk of 18.30%and 19.47%,respectively.（6）Carcinogenic risk（CR）assessment of DEHP was conducted,and observed that 0.66%more than 1×10^-5 for adults in houses,has reached the majority of regulators acceptable thresholds.Using the Hazard Index（HI）and the Risk Quotient（RQ）,the overall assessment of the indoor environment can be considered safe,but the adverse effects of dust intake of PAEs can be observed,and the adverse effects of a few sample samples has been relatively high.