Wetland Habitat Utilization Of Anuran Amphibians In Country Parks Of Shanghai City

Shanghai is a city with a high degree of urbanization,which leads to the fragmentation even loss of the amphibian habitat.The country park,as the main object of the construction of Shanghai,will become an important habitat for the anuran amphibians.As to the construction of the wetland and the promotion of the ecological service function of the amphibian habitat in the country park,it is theoretical and practical to study the characteristics of the utilization of the wetland habitat.In July 2015 to September 2015 and July 2016 to September 2016,we investigated the population of anuran amphibians in six country parks from 7:30 to 12:30 at night according to the sample line.And we set up 6 m×3 m rectangular quadrat to collect its microhabitat data.We recorded the following data of 15 microhabitat factors,they were slope type,slope angle,depth of 0.5m,shore distance,salinity of water,the pH of water,dissolved oxygen in water,water temperature,coverage of emergent vegetation,coverage of floating leaved vegetation,coverage of floating vegetation,coverage of submerged vegetation,tree coverage,shrub coverage,herb coverage.Making statistics on the species and number of anuran amphibians,calculating the dominance index,Shannon-Wiener diversity index and evenness index of each anuran amphibian,and using ARCGIS to interpret the habitat of country parks,so that we can understand how they use the habitat of the country park on the landscape scale.The wetland habitat in the country park can be divided into more parts to explore the characteristics of the amphibious use of wetlands.SPSS 17.0(IBM,2008)was used to analyze the 15 microhabitat factors(principal component analysis,PCA),finally we can determined 6 principal components.CANOCO 5.0 was used to analyze the 6 principal components(Redundancy Analysis,RDA),so that we can understand how the amphibian used the microhabitat factor.R 3.03 project was used to do Chi square fitness test for the anuran amphibians,so that we can know competitive relationship between amphibians.We recorded 5 species of amphibians,belonging to 4 families,4 genus,5species,the total number was 2213,including Bufo gargarizans,Pelophylax nigromaculata,P.plancyi,Fejervarya multistriata,Microhyla ornate.(1)The diversity index of the anuran amphibian species in the country parks was ranked from height to low,Pujiang Country Park>Songnan Country Park>Qingxi Country Park>Langxia Country Park>Changxing Country Park>Jiabei Country Park.The largest of the dominance index of the anuran amphibians was 0.48,the species was Fejervarya multistriata,which was the dominant species in the Shanghai Country Park.From the point of view of landscape scale,the habitat suitable for amphibian surviva was ranked as followed,wetland>farmland>forestland>building.Do the subdivision of wetland habitat,the Diversity index was ranked as followed,ditch>river>pond>inland forb>lake(2)Microhabitat PCA results showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first 6 principal components was up to 60.92%.The coverage of emergent vegetation and the coverage of floating vegetation cover were significant variable among PC1,the slope type and slope angle were significant variable among PC2,the salinity of water was significant variable among PC3,the tree coverage and herb coverage were significant variable among PC4,the coverage of submerged vegetation and shore distance were significant variable among PC5,the depth of 0.5m was significant variable among PC6.(3)We can draw conclusions from RDA analysis,P.nigromaculata was suitable for high coverage of aquatic vegetation and terrestrial vegetation.P.plancyi was suitable for high coverage of aquatic vegetation and terrestrial vegetation.Microhyla ornate was suitable for the open water and the water with high salinity.Fejervarya multistriata was suitable for shallow water area and the water with low salinity.Bufo gargarizans was suitable for high coverage of aquatic vegetation and terrestrial vegetation with deepwater.(4)Chi square test results showed that,except for the difference between P.nigromaculata and Fejervarya multistriata,Microhyla ornate and Fejervarya multistriata,there was no significant difference between each other species.Combined with the use of five kinds of anuran amphibians for wetland microhabitat factors,we can classify the existing amphibians into 3 categories.The first category was P.nigromaculata and P.plancyi.The second category was Microhyla ornate and Fejervarya multistriata.The third category was Bufo gargarizans.(1)About the first category,their suitable microhabitat factors were mainly aquatic vegetation and terrestrial vegetation.Because these two amphibian species were similar to the microhabitat factors,there was a competitive relationship between them.(2)About the second category,their suitable microhabitat factors were physical and chemical environment of water body.Their suitable microhabitat factors were opposite,so there was no competition between them.(3)About the third category,there was few requirements for microhabitat factors,and there was no significant relationship with water area and water physical and chemical characteristics,so it had strong adaptability,and was widely distributed in various regions.Generally speaking,the high vegetation coverage around the water body is positively correlated with the abundance of amphibians in the water.According to the above research results,we put forward some suggestions for the subsequent construction of Shanghai Country Park.