Community Characteristics Of Breeding Birds In Beijing's Urban Parks And Their Multi-scale Influencing Factors

Parks are important green islands and biodiversity hotspots in urban landscape. After the statistics and analysis of wild survey data, based on high resolution satellite image (1M), this study mentioned to explore the relationship between avian community indexes (species abundance, Shannon diversity and species evenness) in breeding period and landscape pattern (park area, percentage of woodland and artificial surface, largest patch index of woodland, landscape contagion index, landscape diversity index and landscape evenness index within 500 and 1000M buffer region around 29 sample parks) (horizontal scale), foliage height diversity (vertical scale), human visitor rate. Correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and multiple linear regression (MLR) were combined for data analysis.Study results of avian community characteristics showed that, for species structure, bird species recorded in our wild survey belongs to 9 orders,52 species of 23 families, with a total individual number of 9101. Of which the Passeriformes account for the majority,whether for species number (39,75%) or individual number (8685,95.43%). Furthermore, tree sparrow{Passer montanus) account for the majority of Passeriformes (6081,70.02%). On the other hand, the top 10 bird species account for 95.35% of the total individual number. The residence type mainly consist of residents, passing birds and migratory birds, of the least, there was only 1 vagrant.Passing birds owned the maximum proportion (37%) indicated that parks in urban Beijing was important for bird migration. Migratory bird species accounted for almost a third(28%) of total recorded species in breeding season showed that Beijing was also an important breeding grounds for birds. For feeding types, bird species recorded in the wild survey were mainly insectivores (39,75%)Analysis results of multi-scale influencing factors showed that foliage height diversity (FHD) was the most crucial factor for total avian species diversity, which suggested the optimization of vertical structure of park vegetation with a certain park area would be meaningful for urban bird communities. We also found the negative effect of human visitation on total bird species diversity. For landscape pattern factors, park area was important for both total avian community species abundance and that of ganivore's, and also the Shannon diversity of insectivores. Meanwhile, artificial surface proportion and the largest patch index of woodland in 500 buffer region show- ed significant effects on both total avian species abundance and Shannon diversity of insectivores, indicating the importance of landscape pattern within the buffer region for avian protection. In conclusion, urban avian communities respond to environment factors of multi-scales, but according to their feeding types.Based on the above conclusions, we proposed our suggestions to the future planning and daily management of Beijing's urban parks. We summarized our innovations and gave suggestions for future researches by the end of this paper.