Hardship And Accommodation:the Research Of Sichuan Tibetan Farners And Herdsmen’s Livelihood Changes

This thesis is taking the livelihood mode of a typical village of Sichuan Tibetan area as a penetration point, and exploring the anomic problems of the rural society of Tibetan areas in its transition period. It takes the livelihood transition as the clue, and presents us the social and economic reasons of many anomic behaviours through the dilemma of livelihood transition, in order to understand the leapfrog development of Tibetan area and challenges and paths of long-term peace and order.The study shows that the farmers and herdsmen in the Tibetan area have formed the traditional livelihood mode that combines agriculture and animal husbandry in the long-term life practice. Under the specific ecological environment of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Tibetan people have cultivated the productive and life ways suitable for themselves, and shaped a complete set of cultural system and environmental knowledge. The ecological concept and ethnic culture of farmers and herdsmen has special value and importance to coordinated development of nature, organic coexistence of multilateral culture and multi-ethnic harmonious coexistence. The tradtional livelihood model of agricultural-pastoral combination contains abundant local wisdom, and has important ecological significance.Since reform and opening up, the marketization process brought about the transition of livelihood model of Tibetan people. Due to the influences like natural environment, history, culture etc, the livelihood of Tibetan people are not actually transitted smoothly. During over 30 years’ reform and opening up, the livelihood of tibetan families are divided into breeding of cattle and sheep and collection of cordyceps sinensis. A large part of families give up animal husbandry, and turn to make a living on digging cordyceps sinensis and fritillaria. Since the relatively low earnings, the plantation of highland barley has been gradually marginalized. And the instability of collecting cordyceps sinensis forces the Tibetan people to give up the small-scale household operation as their last social security.The livelihood dilemma of farmers and herdsmen in social transition period bring about a series of social consequences:ecological imbalance, community anomie and cultural imbalance. They not only seriously damage the fragile ecological environment, but also bring about huge conflicts to the original cultural concept of the tibetan people. Malpractices and challenges to traditional culture begin to appear with a great number.