Research On Formation Of Questioned Elements In The Document

At present, forensic document examination in our country is usually initiated and entrusted by Public Security Bureau, Procuratorate, Court and other organs, Forensic Science Institutions and people usually commissioned by the unit to identify matters entrusted. The traditional forensic document examination usually refers to documents handwriting, signature, printing, forged documents as well as altered documents, forming time of documents and so on. However, in the practice of forensic document examination, objects need to be identified in the document is not simply summarization about whether handwriting written by someone, or authenticity of printing and the document(wholly or partially). Identification agencies commissioned and make a preliminary review of the information identified in order to find the identification request inappropriate, or that the truth of suspicious contents in document cannot be revealed at all. Such as true signature with false documents, copied signature, real printing with false documents, copy of printings and so on. However, the principal of handling unit or the parties do not have the specialized knowledge, although they are aware of some elements do have problems in the document, they can not propose an accurate identification requirements terms or concepts, meanwhile, traditional authentication matter does not fundamentally reveal the essence.Document is a system. It consists of a series of elements, like paper, tools and colorants for writing or printing, signature or stamped fingerprints, stamped printing, binding etc. The formation of document including the use of elements, various elements formed in a specific order, elements restrict each other in the formation process. If one or several elements are changed, the other elements must be changed accordingly.Propose of the formation approach of the constituent elements of the document(perhaps the term or concept or proposition), is based on one of the most simple yet most critical saying: "thoroughly understand the subject material" in the documents of Forensic Sciences. So-called "thoroughly understand the subject material," grasp the inspection material is to solve the essential attribute problem of questioned documents, i.e. how the various elements of questioned document formed, which is the premise and foundation for the test and identification of questioned documents. Only if essential attribute problem of questioned document solved, following comparison test and comprehensive evaluation can carry on. If essential attribute problem of questioned document solved through the study of the document formation in the respective test, the focus of dispute between the two sides in questioned documents may settled directly, then there is no need for subsequent inspection work. On the other hand, under the circumstance of no "thoroughly understand the subject material," commissioned incorrectly to identify signature, identity issues of printing, while in fact the subject material is formed by printing or by using a blank section to add new content after printing paper with the interception of genuine signatures, if reference opinion provided according to the entrusted identification, not only the truth cannot be revealed, but the truth obscured. Expect to enrich the theory of document examination through analysis and research on the specific formation of questioned document in practice of forensic document examination.Firstly, this paper starts with current situation and problems of forensic document identification, deeply analyzes necessity and scientific for research on formation of suspicious elements in the document. The first chapter mainly dissertate how to identify ways of formation of signature in the document, including the ways for formation of a normal signature, disguised signatures and altered signature; the second chapter dissertates the forming ways of printing in document, including the ways for formation of printing with normal, forged or altered imprint.The third chapter dissertates the formation of the desktop printing paper, such as printing, copying and facsimile.. The fourth chapter summarizes characteristics and methods of altered document with scratch, fade, interception, complement, add, overwrite as judgement for the way the alterted document is formed. Forming way of each type of document involves the forming time of the instrument, thus examization on forming time of document will be dissertated individually in Chapter five.