Abstract And Catalog Of Graduation Thesis Of Graduate Student

The time of the spring and autumn period and the warring states period of China is basically the same with Greek democratic politics era. China was the feudalism under the "nine squares" system of land ownership in Chinese slave society. Greece had a lot of hills, and the city-states of Ancient Greece made external colonization and traded with the outside world, belonging to Marine civilization, which provided development basis for the city-state politics. However, in this period, the political ideas with early humanism color simultaneously germinated in these two areas. In the Pre-Qin Period and the Period of Ancient Greece, the concept of "people" was particularly important for both the entirety of "the public" and the individual of "people". Chinese philosophy of the Pre-Qin period was more likely to lay emphasis on the moral request to "people" individual, while the western philosophy of the Ancient Greece period occupied a considerable part of regulations to the individual social rights and obligations.Most of the philosophical thoughts between the Pre-Qin period and the Ancient Greece period were political philosophy, and all of them emphasized on discussing the ideal model of the monarch and the country (city-state); it especially put forward judgment standard to each aspect of the monarch, including the moral and ruling skills, and the influence of different monarchs to the country and the city-state. The difference is that the Pre-Qin philosophy placed emphasis on the monarch’s innate moral quality, while the Ancient Greece philosophy more focused on the benefit brought by the monarch in political life to the city-state.Both Pre-Qin Confucianist and Ancient Greece philosopher built an ideal city-state or national model. The ideal national model constructed by the Pre-Qin Confucianist showed a very distinct characteristic of highly developed national morality level, and it showed a tendency of "rule of virtue". Comparing with the Pre-Qin Confucianist national model, both parties’ moral standards setting to the public is different. Pre-Qin Confucianist was more likely to consider the public’s morality tending to a high level, while the Ancient Greece considered the public’s morality tending to a low level, and it showed a distinct tendency of "rule by law".Pre-Qin Confucianist made the abstract theory specific, moving the abstract scope down to the specific level, which conformed to the opinion of promoting the etiquette education from top to bottom put forward in the Book of Changes. The Ancient Greece philosophy summarized the specific cases, rising to the abstract scope from the specific scope, and it dedicated to discover the only "Supreme Being" from the individual cases. The dialogue aimed at breaking away from the specific thing, and ultimately entering the logic category.The "theocracy" of the Pre-Qin Confucianist showed in "the Theory of Heaven and Destiny". The Theory of Heaven and Destiny inherited the Ghosts-Gods idea of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and The Shang and Zhou Dynasties’ general and personification "God" concept was evolved into a "Destiny" concept of functions and power reference enlarging ambiguity and socialized in the Pre-Qin period. The ruler of the Ancient Greece standardized the kingship by standardizing the theocracy, and the appearance of law represented that the theocracy has been replaced by the kingship. The kingship requires the theocracy to stabilize its constraints to the public, evolving into the political form of giving priority to the kingship represented by the law and taking the theocracy represented by the morality as complementary.Pre-Qin Confucianist philosophy placed emphasis on making requirements to the monarch’s morality, which showed the main idea of Pre-Qin Confucianist "benevolence". The ideal monarch of Pre-Qin Confucianist possessed initiative, and ultimately it shall reach the standard of "Be Sage within and Kingly without". Moreover, it considered that the higher the stability of the ruling class (namely, the monarch) is, the longer lasting political stability of the country will be. However, the Ancient Greece philosophy taking the democratic system as main body considered that the alternation of the rulers guarantees the political justice, while the most ideal political form shall be the king politics taking "the philosopher king" as the ruler. If it is said that the Pre-Qin Confucianist requested the monarch to be the role model of the public, then the Ancient Greece philosopher requested the philosopher king to be the action criterion of the public, namely, the personification law.Pre-Qin Confucianist considered that the stability of ruler and social class is the guarantee of the long-term existence of the political power, and it divided social class by law and discipline rite. The Ancient Greece philosophy advocated dividing the social class according to the individual characteristics, and this kind of division mode had a necessary connection with its political form of small state with few people.Pre-Qin Confucianist philosophy considered that people are the important constituent part of the country, and it even put forward the thought of "people being more important than monarch". It strengthened "bringing benefit for people",and monarch’s obligations to the public. The "philosopher king" of the Ancient Greece philosophy generated through country’s cultivation, and therefore, the philosopher king had the mandatory obligations to the country, and the philosopher king needed to transfer the resources consumed during the period of country’s cultivation into the contribution to the cit-state.Pre-Qin Confucianist was the same with the Ancient Greece philosopher, and both of them attached great importance to the public education. The Pre-Qin Confucianist placed particular emphasis on the grasp of the general orientation,while the Ancient Greece philosopher placed particular emphasis on the law’s standardization role. Relatively speaking, the Ancient Greece philosophy proposed the more specific measures of details, and among which, the point was reaching the purpose of the public unconsciously abiding by the laws and fostering good traits by utilizing the literary works in the legal normative city-state.