The Local Society Of Southern Shandong And The Transition Of Lakes In Ming And Qing Dynasty

The lakes of southeast Shandong Province lie in the Plain of West Shandong Province(鲁西平原),and the Beiwu Lakes(北五湖)and the Nansi Lakes(南四湖)is between the middle south of Shandong Alluvial-proluvial Plain(鲁中南冲洪积平原)and the Yellow River Alluvial Fan Plain(黄河冲积扇平原).The foundation of geology and geomorphology is the primary determinant of the lakes. The lakes have to be swallow and gentle, and cannot hold much water. They are easily gone to spill-over and dry. The special foundation make this zone be lake easily and also be dry easily.On the foundation of the geology and geomorphology, the transition of lakes of southwest Shandong Province are also under the influence of various factors. The opening and closing of Dams and floodgates have the influence on the access of lake. The soldier’s pay and provisions that continual wars have brought has stimulated the human beings to reclaim shoaly land. To protect the shoaly land that has been reclaimed, the human constructed civil weir to keep them from water. But if only this district get flooded, the civil weir and the farm will be washed away. The farmers who have lost the land will get into the trouble and go to reclaim more shoaly land. It can create a vicious circle. The Yellow River project, the Grand Canal project and firewood need large volume of lumber. Because of the disappearance of the wood, it brought about the ecology destruction and the soil erosion, the soil and silt washed from the hill will clog the waterway and the lake will be silted. In the concept of single agricultural economy, people blindly make the shoal land into field. The Grand Canal declined in the late Qing Destiny and the lakes that once played the role of reservoir in the Grand Canal lost the official protection, the lakes dry up quickly. The above five factors make the lake shrink, and the disappearance of Beiwu Lakes(北五湖)is closely related to the above factors. However, the diversions of the Grand Canal and the flooding of Yellow River can make the lake expand, for example, the Nansi Lakes(南四湖)benefited from this. The two diversions of the Grand Canal, which is the opening of Nanyang River(南阳新河)and Jiahe River(泇河运河),tried to avoided the Yellow River and also changed the role and fate of Nansi lakes(南四湖).Zhaoyang lake(昭阳湖),which has been in the east of the Grand Canal, has moved to the west after the opening of Nanyang river(南阳新河).Its role also became Shuihe(水壑)from Shuigui (水柜)-The lake expanded quickly because of the water from all direction; after the Jiahe River·(泇河新河)’was digged, the location of Weishan (微山), Lvmeng(吕孟),Xishan(郗山),Chishan(赤山),have changed from the east of the canal to the west. The small lakes taked in the slop runoff, Yellow River, unnecessary canal water, and converged into a huge lake------Weishan Lake(微山湖).The flooding of Yellow River also cannot be ignored in the transition of lake. Without the perfusion of Yellow River, The Nansi Lake(南四湖)wouldn’t form. The watercourse of the Yellow River in Xuzhou is narrow and it is apt to burst. So the southwest of Shandong is easy to be in the influence of flooding of the Yellow river. The lake that accepted the water from Yellow River will expand together with other water source. In addition, the lake is also be supported by the ground water of the Yellow River, once the Yellow River is small, the lake will wither away almost immediately. The spread of the Yellow River also changed the micro topography of southwest of Shandong. It formed numerous depressions and cause a higher ground water level and soil salinity. The poor soil aggravated the intensity of land use, and human can not overlook the fertile shoaly land. The behavior not only led to the ecological deterioration, also prone to breed violence such as bandits and Nian Army(捻军)which is bad to the stability of the society.