Agricultural Development In Sinkiang Of Qing Dynasty

Since the Han Dynasty, successive central governments have attached great importance to Xinjiang’s business. After the Qing Dynasty unified Xinjiang, Xinjiang launched a variety of management activities, agricultural development have made a remarkable achievement. This article investigates Xinjiang Agricultural Development overall from these aspects: development background, nature, development form, policy, economic and social benefits. The author found in Xinjiang Qing Dynasty governments developed agriculture, which was in order to take military operations. Because of population emptiness in the border and Contradiction between people and land in the mainland land, there was a phenomenon that border economy has been developed further.From the perspective of the use of agri-environment and choices of technology, the concentrated expression was the treatment of the relationship between people and land : First was the relationship between agriculture and water use in agriculture; the second was the problems between man-land relationship and farming system; The third was relationship between climate, soil and water conditions,and planting structure; The fourth, was agricultural development and land use improper issues; The fifth was agricultural production and disaster response issues. The management of man-land relationship in agricultural development, to some extent followed the adaptation to local conditions and the time principle, improved the agricultural production environment, and ensured the agricultural Development progressed smoothly in Xinjiang. At the same time, the in proper treatment of human-land relations in agricultural development, will lead to the deterioration of ecological environment and decline of vegetation coverage to varying degrees.From the perspective of the evolution of agricultural development policy,agricultural development in Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty has gone through four major stages:The first was"intermittence"of settlement in pre-unification;the second was the immigrant development in the north of Tianshan Road at middle of the Qing dynasty;third was the"give consideration to both north and south"in Daoguang(道光)period of Qing Dynasty;The fourth was recovery of agricultural economy development in the late Qing Dynasty.The evolution of agricultural development policy in the four stages has a profound social and economical reason.In the early Qing dynasty,capricious Zungar(准噶尔)was the main reason"intermittence"settlement,population emptiness of northern Xinjiang was the inevitable choice of immigrant settlement in the post-war,during Daoguang period,"North-South balance"development policy was result of serious man-land relation in the mid Qing Dynasty.At the middle of Qing dynasty,the in proper deal with man-land relations,eventually led to the unrest in Xinjiang society,social unrest has become the direct cause of recovery of agricultural economy development in the late Qing Dynasty.From the perspective of grain supply situation, the Agricultural Development in Qing Dynasty to effectively improved the grain supply conflicts in the Xinjiang region. In the early Qing dynasty, settlement protected the need of military, and promoted the of Xinjiang unification war progress smoothly; At the mid-Qing dynasty, the grain supply contradiction improved greatly, in a very long period of time, there have been grain supply exceeded the demand. In the late Qing dynasty, Xinjiang agricultural economy despite the violence, but quickly restored development, grain supply has returned to a balance situation.From the social and economic benefits, in Qing Dynasty in Xinjiang, Agricultural development had a profound impact on the evolution of the social economy, mainly expressed in four aspects: First, changed the economic structure of “farming in the south and animal husbandry in the north” in the South and North of Tianshan Mountains; secondly, promoted the evolution of Xinjiang social management and "executive" pace of construction; third was to enhanced cultural identity of people all from nationalities in Xinjiang to people in mainland; Fourth, kept social stability and national security of the frontier, has made important contributions to unification of Northwest of China.From the perspective of agricultural development nature, Agricultural Development is mainly divided into three types in the Qing Dynasty in Sinkiang: First was national agricultural business activities, namely State Farm; the second was the agricultural management dominated by immigrants from mainland, driven predominantly by state, which was namely farmers economy; Third, businessmen from mainland remains dominant, profit-oriented agricultural operations, that was commercial agriculture. These three agricultural operations, constituted the main form of agricultural development in Xinjiang in Qing Dynasty.