1.Abnormally Cleaving Embryos Are Able To Produce Normal Births:a Time-lapse Study 2.Mechanism Of Ginsenoside Rg1 Renal Protection In A Mouse Model Of D-galactose Induced Subacute Damage

Background:One of the main challenge in Assisted Reproductive Technology(ART)is identifying and selecting embryos with the highest developmental competence and ultimately improving the probability of pregnancy and live-birth rate. Currently, most IVF laboratories evaluate the potential of the embryos at static times. Because cannot be found, the abnormally cleaving embryos are also transferred, but its clinical result are also unknown.Time-lapse imaging is a non-invasive system that allows for continuous embryonic monitoring, which can combine morphological and dynamic parameters to predict the potential development of the embryos. Embryos showing an abnormal cleavage phenotype( one-cell embryos developing to three cells directly) have been previously shown to correlate with poor developmental and implantation potential, so most of these embryos were not transferred. But if the patients can transfer the abnormally cleavage embryos(but normal fertility) with no good embryos or not, are all the abnormal cleavage embryo can not transfer? Our article combinedTime-lapse and traditional morphological grading to analyze the kinetic parameter between normal cleavage embryos and abnormal cleavage embryos and then analyze its pregnancy outcome.Objective:To investigate the prevalence of abnormally cleaved embryos and determine if there has a parameters can predict the development of the embryos.Subjects and methods:1.Subjects and groupsInclusion criteria were as follows: women under 37 years of age undergoing first fresh in-vitro fertilization(IVF) treatment with a basal antral follicle count of 5–15, body mass index(BMI) of 18–25 kg/m2,number of retrieved oocytes between 5 and 20, and tubal factors as the cause of infertility. One hundred seventy-one couples(whose transferred embryos were confirmed to be either fully implanted or fully unimplanted)were analyzed. Of these embryos, 320 embryos were transferred, of these transferred embryos, 291 embryos were normal, and 29 embryos were abnormal which 5 embryos were not analyzed(because each abnormal cleavage type had only one embryos). These 24 embryos were divided into four groups(there were four abnormal groups, based on the prevalence of abnormal cleavage embryos). Comparing the temporal parameters of normal cleavage and abnormal cleavage groups. Cleavage times wereanalyzed before the abnormal cleavage occurred and time intervals were analyzed after the abnormal cleavage based upon the types of abnormal cleavage, In addition, the time intervals of t4-t3(time interval from 3 cell to4 cell) and t8-t5(time interval from 5 cell to 8 cell) were also analyzed;corresponding time parameters were measured in the normal group as well.Implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, ongoing pregnancy rate, and live-birth rate were also measured in the normally cleaved and abnormally cleaved embryos.2. Methods:1. Patients were down-regulated with Gn RH agonist using long protocols and stimulated with FSH and h MG. The written informed consent were obtained from all couples before the ovum pick-up(OPU).2. The mature oocytes of metaphase II(MII) were fertilized by in vitro fertilization(IVF).3. Embryo transferred to uterine was based on morphologic criteria.4. Comparing the difference of implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, ongoing pregnancy rate, and live-birth rate among the groups.Results:1. The prevalence of abnormal cleavage was 15.92%(200/1256).2. T8-t5 was the most important dynamic parameter in prediction of potential development(production of a live-born baby) of abnormallycleaviging embryos.Conclusion:1. Abnormally cleaving embryos were able to produce a livel-born baby.2. T8-t5 is likely the best dynamic parameter to predict the developmental potential of abnormally cleaving embryos.Context: Ginseng is a widely used herbal medicine in China but its mechanism of action remains unclear.Objective: We investigated the protective effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on subacute murine renal damage induced by D-galactose and studied its mechanism.Materials and methods: C57BL/6J mice were injected with 120mg/kg/d(sc) D-galactose for one week, followed by a combined treatment of Rg1 20 mg/kg/d(ip) and 120 mg/kg/d D-galactose(sc) for five weeks.Mice were injected with the 0.9% saline 0.2 m L/d(sc) and 120 mg/kg/d D-galactose(sc) for 6 weeks in control group and D-galactose group,respectively. After six weeks, urea, creatinine, uric acid, cystatin(Cys-C),senescence-associated β-galactosidase(SA-β-gal) staining positive kidney cells, superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX),malondialdehyde(MDA), glycation end products(AGEs), and 8-hydroxy-2deoxyguanosine(8-OH-d G) were measured. Results: Treatment with Rg1 ameliorated kidney function and aging state(urea from 17.19±1.09 to15.77±1.22 mmol·L-1, creatinine from 29.40±5.72 to 22.60±3.97 μmol·L-1,uric acid from 86.80±5.97 to 72.80±10.61 μmol·L-1, Cys-C from 0.23±0.03 to 0.18±0.05 mg·L-1, ROD of SA-β-gal from 56.32±10.48 to 26.78±7.34,SOD from 150.22±19.07 to 190.56±15.83 U·(mg·prot)-1, MDA from9.28±1.59 to 3.17±0.82 nmol·(mg·prot)-1, GSH-PX from 15.68±2.11 to20.32±2.96 U·(mg·prot)-1 as well as regulated glomerulus morphology(Glomerulus Diameter from 775.77±18.41 to 695.04±14.61μm, Renal capsule Width from 39.56±3.51 to 31.42±2.70μm, glomerulus basement membrane from 206.03±16.22 to 157.27±15.70 nm, podocyte slit from55.21±8.55 to 37.63±6.65 nm).Conclusions: Ginsenoside Rg1 can antagonize D-galactose subacute renal damage in mice and this may occur due to alleviating oxidative stress injury.