| Gynecology of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a clinical subject using the theory of traditional Chinese medicine to research women’s physiological, pathological characteristics and treatment of endemic diseases. It is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine. Since the Xia, Shang and Zhou periods, gynecology of TCM had begun. And in each historical period, there were famous gynecological doctors and works. The development of gynecology runs through the entire history of the development of TCM. And it is closely related to the social development of China.In the past one hundred years from1912to2011, Chinese society experienced great changes of hitherto unknown. Modern China was turned into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The national crisis deepened, and the class contradictions intensified. With dramatic changes in the whole social environment, progressives in China were trying to change the national fate by studying the West, bringing fierce cultural shock between China and foreign countries. After the founding of new China, it entered a new period of building a socialist country, with setbacks of the period of "great leap forward","people’s commune", and "large-scale steelmaking, Cultural Revolution" and so on. China ushered in the comprehensive rehabilitation after implementing the reform and opening policy.This paper discusses the development of TCM Gynecology in three stages, with the main content focused on the business establishment, clinical and theoretical aspects.The three periods respectively are the first stage of the Republic of China from1912to September31,1949; the second stage is the early stage of people’s Republic of China from October1,1949to1977, in the exploration of road construction period; the third stage is the overall development stage of People’s Republic of China after the prior reform from1978to2011, Women bear the lineage of the Chinese nation over the past five thousand years, and women’s health is related to the health of next generation. Gynecology of TCM shows its important position at the beginning of the medicine. By sorting through the materials of historical science, the development process of gynecology of TCM during the years from1912to2011is combed and summarized. After the impact of Western medicine, the experience was gained and the lessons were learned. All these are good for the contemporary Chinese history reference and supporting treatment of gynecological diseases.In the period of the Republic of China, education of Chinese medicine was not included in the national education system. As an important part of TCM, clinic of TCM gynecology in college education was set as a necessary discipline. Most teaching on gynecology is arranged after teaching the basic theory of TCM and the classics learning, and students are required to have basic knowledge of Chinese medicine. In early period of Republic of China, textbooks of TCM schools, especially undergraduate lectures, employed the doctors’works of Ming and Qing Dynasties, and then in19281929, the two national Chinese medicine school textbook editorial meetings improved the textbook problems to a certain extent. Many colleges of TCM also started to organize teaching materials. According to the National Chinese Medicine Books Union Catalog, gynecology books of TCM in the period of the Republic of China can be divided into classical Chinese gynecology monograph reprints of famous physicians and summed up the experience of two classes. In the aspect of theory research, as for the Tiangui theory, Peng Xunzhi in the Zhu Quan Sheng Nvhai Collections (1931) further illustrated female’s Tiangui, putting forward one water and two fires, namely the intersection of kidney water, Jun fire, and Xiang fire, which is the fundamental of human sexual function and reproductive mechanism. In the pathogenesis, by using the meridian theory Bao Yan discussed the common diseases of Chinese women caused by foot binding. Yang Zhiyi put forward the amenorrhea induced by heavily frightened fear. Doctor Chen Zhiquan emphasized treating gynecological diseases according to the different characters, different sizes for female patients. In the aspect of diagnosis, Yan Hongzhi in the book emphasized Interrogation. Zhu Nanshan summarized a song of ten inquiries about gynecology. For the principle of treatment, Yao Wuda put forward three therapeutic principles:(1) light dosage can be used for serious diseases,(2) method of the closure of open source,(3) Fuzheng Quxie method. On the fusion of Chinese and Western medicine in gynecology, combined with gynecological theory, physiology, pathology, diagnosis, and pharmacology are employed to explain the theory of menstruation, leucorrhea, fetal and production and popular women’s health care knowledge. In clinic of TCM gynecology during the period of the Republic of China, the content of clinical curing was the focus, and there were many physicians summarizing their own experience, which was shown in all kinds of books and journals related to diseases of gynecology. Syndrome differentiation and detailed account of medical treatment were recorded during the treatment process. Through the introduction of Western anatomy, physiology, pathology and other scientific knowledge, they corrected some wrong ideas, and discussed the controversial prescription of treating diseases combined with the theory of TCM and treatment methods, and. In this hundred years Western Obstetrics gradually replaced the Obstetrics of TCM as western medicine was introduced and promoted, and the shortcomings of TCM delivery method was gradually revealed.After the founding of the People’s Republic of China on October1of1949, China entered a brand new stage of building a socialist society. Medical education began the system of elementary, intermediate and high levels, with its focus on the development of higher medical education. During1949to1977, Colleges and Institutes of TCM published gynecology textbooks of TCM successively. They include Chengdu College of TCM, Nanjing College of TCM, Shanghai College of TCM, Shandong Medical College, Zhejiang College of TCM, Hubei College of TCM, Hubei Continuation School of TCM, Liaoning College of TCM, Institute of TCM of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Hunan Research Institute of TCM. The textbooks and handouts include Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Concise Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Teaching Notes of TCM Gynecology, Outline of Gynecology of traditional Chinese medicine, Gynecological Disease of TCM, Manual of Gynecology of TCM, Department of Gynecology and Family Planning and so on. During this period, there are only80kinds of published books on TCM gynecology. And the main three categories are classical School notes of photocopies of TCM gynecology books, summary about teaching materials of gynecology and clinical experience of giving medicines. On the diagnostic method of this period, there was mainly close relationship between the groove patterns of people and primary infertility. On the clinical common diseases, Zhuo Yunong divided amenorrhea into the following7syndrome:blood deficiency syndrome, spleen deficiency syndrome, blood stasis syndrome, strain, wind cold syndrome, qi stagnation syndrome, phlegm syndrome, with effective prescriptions for these syndromes. Clinical research team of integrative medicines between director Li Hanqing of Shanxi traditional Chinese medicine institute and director Yu Zaiji of gynecology department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical College successfully researched the new method of treating ectopic pregnancy with Chinese and Western medicines.Since the Third Plenary Session of the eleventh Central Committee in1978, with the social change of politics and culture, public health and environmental health improvements, and the improvement of people’s material and cultural living standards, gynecological disease spectrum also changed. More and more research attentions of diagnosis and treatment of gynecological diseases focus on difficult diseases. In the history of gynecological diseases in TCM, there are more attention of metrorrhagia, amenorrhea, infertility, gynecologic oncology, menopausal syndrome differentiation of syndrome and other aspects of treatment and prescription. Research methods changed from the collection of gynecological ancient books, theory study and the clinical experience summary to the clinical research combined with the experimental research of Western Medicine.A relatively perfect system of Chinese medical education was formed basically. The form of education developed from the private education before the founding of new China and inheritance education of teachers and elders to mainly national education of colleges, supplemented by the private education, continuing education, and adult education. The coexisting situation has been formed and it includes secondary education, undergraduate education, graduate education, multi-level education and post education, overseas education and so on.In the results of scientific research, since1978, a total of more than200scientific research results in TCM gynecology obtained science and technology awards of different levels. The awards were from the Ministry of Health, State Administration of traditional Chinese medicine, various provinces and cities. Research projects include thorough discussions on the basic theory and method of diagnosis and treatment of gynecological diseases and gynecological drugs research, including endometriosis, infertility, cervical cancer and other gynecological diseases. At the same time, a large number of books were published, and they accounted for93%of the total books of TCM Gynecology after the founding of new China, mainly including reprinted books in gynecology of traditional Chinese medicine, clinical experience summary, and gynecological clinical monographs. During this period, TCM Gynecological Society and local branches of it were established, then academic conference were organized. With the development of the whole society and the promotion of the cause of TCM foreign exchanges, and there comes lots of international gynecological academic exchange activities. All these helps to open our thinking, promote the Chinese medicine gynecology academic progress effectively, and played the role which cannot be ignored in the development of TCM gynecology.In the aspect of theory research, according to the physiological condition of menstruation, theories of TCM gynecology on Theory of Zang Fu, Theory of Qi and blood, Theory of meridians and collaterals were broke. Combined with modern medicine, the view of reproductive axis view about "Kidney-Days-menstruation-Chong Ren acupoint-the uterus" was put forward. According to the cycle of menstruation, related arguments of the regulation and phase of the menstrual cycle were raised.In clinical studies, gynecology of traditional Chinese medicine focuses on the research of difficult and complicated diseases, including uterine bleeding, amenorrhea, infertility, gynecologic oncology, perimenopausal syndrome, and endometriosis. Combined with western medicine and science theory, research on combination of disease and syndrome, the combination of disease differentiation and syndrome differentiation is realized, emphasizing the method of adjustable weeks in the treatment of gynecological diseases. Many doctors have lots of researches and clinical summary of experience for disease diagnosis and treatment about functional uterine bleeding caused by uterine bleeding, anovulatory infertility, tubal obstruction infertility, chronic pelvic inflammatory disease caused by secondary infertility, ABO incompatible type infertility and uterine myoma, cervical cancer, menopausal syndrome, endometriosis etc.Through carding the development of TCM gynecology in the past hundred years, the gynecology of TCM is still advancing in spite of some impacts in certain periods. Especially after the combination with Western Medicine in the theory and various clinical syndromes, it provides new ideas and inspiration for treating gynecological diseases, as well as experience and reference for the good development of Gynecology of TCM in the future. |
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