| The first part:Effects of Averrhoa carambola L.(Oxalidaceae) juice on body weight, blood glucose, serum insulin in diabetic miceObjective:Investigate the preventive effect of different doses of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice on blood glucose, body weight, serum insulin in diabetic nephropathy by using STZ(Streptozotocin, STZ) to induce mouse model of diabetic nephropathy model.Method:The diabetic mice were established by injecting with streptozotocin (STZ) via tail vein. The mice with diabetes were divided into the following five groups:model control group, metformin control group, high-, moderate-, low-dose Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice groups. The normal control group contained 10 normal mice. Those mice were administered physiological saline, Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice (25 g/kg,50 g/kg,100 g/kg body weight/d) and metformin (320 mg/kg body weight/d) via intragastric gavage for 21 days respectively. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), the change of body weight and death rate were observed during 21 days. The activities of fasting blood serum insulin FBSI)、the pancreas do HE staining after 21 days of treatment.Results:1, Compared with model control group, high dose and moderate dose of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice have benefit effect on mitigating the lose of body weight in model control group (P<.01).2, After 21 days treatment, high dose, moderate dose and low dose of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice rates were 31.20%,20.33% and 8.34%, metformin hypoglycemic rate was 29.80%. Compared with model control group, high dose, moderate dose and low dose of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice have fasting blood glucose statistically significant were (P<0.05).3, Compared with model control group, high dose and moderate dose of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice’s blood glucose were significantly decreased (P<0.01). But the dose compared with model control group, drug groups’s fasting insulin were not statistically difference (P>0.05).4, After 21 days treatment, pancreas and insulin tissue HE staining:under light microscope to observe the blank control group of the pancreatic acinar and inslin morphology have completely structure, without exception. Model control group’s pancreatic acinar significantly decreased, a lot of insulin cells were atrophied, the cytoplasm decreased significantly, cell nucleus were crowded together phenomenon. Metformin control group, high dose and moderate dose of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice group of the pancreatic acinar and insulin morphology have completely structure, without exception, but cell number less. Low dose of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice group of the pancreatic and insulin tissue have a little atrophy, mild acinar number decreased, only some insulin structure were damaged, some of insulin cells nucleus appear dense phenomenon.Conclusion:1, High dose and moderate dose of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice group benefit effects mitigating the lose of body weight in diabetic mice.2, High dose and moderate dose of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice group showed benefit effects on the decrease of fasting blood glucose in diabetic mice.3, High dose and moderate dose of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice group have effectively promote insulin secretion in diabetic mice, but not improve insulin sensibility in diabetic mice.4, The Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice showed benefit effects on the pancreas and insulin tissue protection in diabetic mice.The second part:Effects of Averrhoa carambola L.(Oxalidaceae) juice on lipid metabolism in diabetic miceObjective:To study hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic effects of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice on diabetic mice.Methods:The diabetic mice were established by injecting with streptozotocin (STZ) via tail vein, the preparation of model diabetic mice, the diabetes model mice were randomly divided into 5 groups:model control group, metformin control group, high-, moderate-, low-dose Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice groups and 10 normal kunming mice as blank control group. Those mice were administered physiological saline, Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice (25 g/kg,50 g/kg,100 g/kg body weight/d) and metformin (320 mg/kg body weight/d) via intragastric gavage for 21 days respectively. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and the change of blood lipid were observed during 21 days. After 21 days, take blood at mice eyeball then use cervical dislocation method killed mice. The change of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (hdl-c), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (hdl-c). were observed during 21 days.Results:High and moderate dose Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice groups were compared with the model control group, can effectively reduce the serum of diabetic mice triglyceride (TG) (p<0.01) and total cholesterol (TC) (p<0.01) but not clearly in low dose Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice groups (p>0.01). The effect of high dose, moderate dose and low dose of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice have not benefit effect on low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), were not statistically significant (p>0.05).Conclusion:The Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice showed benefit effects on the improving blood lipid metabolism in STZ diabetic mice. lipoprotein (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), were not statistically significant (p>0.05).The third part:Intervene effect of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice on early diabetic nephropathy (DN) mice.Objective:To investigate the intervention effect of Averrhoa carambola L (Oxalidaceae) juice on early diabetic nephropathy (DN) in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic mice.Methods:The preparation of model diabetic mice by to inject with streptozotocin (STZ) via tail vein. Randomly divided into 5 groups:model control group, metformin control group, high-, moderate-, low-dose Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice groups and 10 normal kunming mice as blank control group. Those mice were administered physiological saline, Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice (25 g/kg,50 g/kg,100 g/kg body weight/d) and metformin (320 mg/kg body weight/d) via intragastric gavage for 21 days respectively. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and the change of body weight were observed during 21 days. After 21 days of treatment, the activities of kidney serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were determined. Take the kidneys to do HE staining, renal funct ion、renal pathological changes, CTGF, real-PCR, TGF-p 1、RT-PeR、and immunohistochemistry ((SP)) and observed the mice with diabetic nephropathy and renal CTGF mRNA differentially protein expression.Results:1, The effect of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice kidney function in diabetic mice:high and moderate dose Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice groups were reduced the serum urea nitrogen, creatinine content in diabetic mice, compared with model control group, statistically significant (P<0.01).2, In line with kidney HE staining results:the glomerular and kidney nephron structure of the blank control group was normal; no inflammatory and no focal hemorrhage. Kidneys cortex extensive lesions, some area entire kidney 3/4,glomerular shrink and disappear, involvement of kidney tubules, visible compensatory glomerulus hypertrophy, inflammatory change significantly, focal hemorrhage, the development cystic dilatation of kidney tubules, cellular swelling in model control group. Moderate dose, low dose Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice groups and metformin control group kidney level of lesions can relieve the degree of pathological changes, and smaller. Moreover high dose Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice groups have benefit renal protection.3, Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), TGF-β1 gene relative expression results:compared with blank control group, model control group CTGF, TGF-β1 gene expression quantity increase (p<0.01). Compared with model control group, high dose Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice groups of CTGF, TGF-beta 1 gene expression quantity reduced (p<0.01).4, Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), TGF-β1 protein relative expression results:the immunohistochemical results showed cytoplasm and nucleus was dyed yellow and brown as the positive expression of CTGF protein and TGF-. Compared with blank control group, model control group the positive expression range increased. High dose Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice groups were compared with the model control group of the positive expression range decrease (P<0.05), moderate dose and low dose Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice groups was not decreased obviously (P>0.05).Conclusion:1, High and moderate dose Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice groups were decreased the serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in diabetic mice.2, High and moderate dose Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice groups can improve the damage of kidney of early diabetic nephropathy in diabetic mice.3, High and moderate dose Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice groups can reduce CTGF, TGF-beta 1 gene expression of mRNA and protein.4, The effect of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) juice showed benefit effects on the decrease of FBG and renal protection on early diabetic nephropathy (DN) in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic mice. |
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