| With the frequent occurrence of extreme weather, the rapid growth of the population and the continuous improvement of crop yield in our country, a range of issues, from soil quality deterioration to farming land occupation, become increasingly prominent, which affect Chinese economic development and social stability directly or indirectly. Thus, it is essential to adjust the mode of tillage, fertilization and irrigation to achieve the sustainable development of crop improvement and environmental protection. Previous studies showed that organic manure and biochar can not only provide enough nutrients for crops, but also improve the soil physical and chemical properties. But in China, the study of the influences of organic manure and biochar on soil properties, fertilizer use efficiency and crop yield improvement are relatively less. Hence it will be of great significance to study the impacts of organic manure and biochar on soil properties and wheat yield composition, and to elucidate the potential value of organic manure and biochar on the improvement of soil and crop yield in Loess Plateau region. In this study, Changhan 58, a winter wheat cultivar, was served as experiment materials, and the randomized block design was used. The field experiment was carried out in Changwu, Shaanxi Province. By using field experiment and laboratory analysis in combination, the effects of tillage patterns on soil moisture content, winter wheat yield, yield components and water use efficiency were studied. The following results were obtained:1. Soil water content(SWC) in supplemental irrigation was increased at flowering and harvest stages of wheat, and 0-100 cm soil changed more obviously at flowering stage. SWC in supplemental irrigation at booting stage(W2) and at jointing stage and booting stage(W3) are slightly higher than that at jointing stage(W1); SWC in W3 was higher than other irrigation treatments at harvest stage, especially in the 50-200 cm soil layer. Biochar reduced the SWC of 50-100 cm soil layer at harvest stage, but the difference among different dosage of biochar was not significantly; while applying biochar 4995 kg/ha(C2) increased SWC of 0-50 cm soil at harvest stage. In the compound tillage mode, organic fertilization(T3) increased SWC of 0-40 cm at overwintering and recovering stage, while the SWC of 50-100 cm soil layer had no obvious difference among application of organic fertilizer(T3), biochar(T4) and with three times irrigation(T2) treatment. All results above illustrated organic fertilizer and biochar presented positive functions on water conservation.2. Organic fertilizer had no obvious effect on water use efficiency(WUE); Supplemental irrigation reduced the WUE of wheat, while the reduction was significantly under W2; Biochar increased WUE of wheat, and the increase was significantly under C2; In the compound tillage mode, organic fertilization and biochar both increased WUE of wheat, while the increase was more significantly under T4 treatment. All results above showed organic fertilizer and biochar presented positive functions on water saving.3. Organic fertilizer also had no obvious effects on wheat yield, while supplemental irrigation decreased wheat yield, and the reduction was significantly under W2; Compared with straw, biochar application improved wheat yield significantly, while the production under C2 was significantly higher than other treatments; In the compound tillage mode, wheat yield was improved slightly, and the difference between control and treatments was not obvious. All results above showed that organic fertilizer and biochar presented positive functions on wheat yield improvement, and the effect of biochar is more obviously.4. Organic fertilization increased grain number per spike significantly, while had no effect on spikes number per area and thousand grain weight(TGW); Supplemental irrigation reduced spikes number per area and TGW, while grain number per spike was increased significantly under W1; Biochar improved the spikes number per area and grain number per spike significantly, while the TGW was decreased slightly; In the compound tillage mode, the spikes number per area and grain number per spike were increased under T3 and T4 treatments, and the TGW was reduced under T3. All results above showed that organic fertilizer and biochar may increase wheat production by increasing grain number per spike.In summary, the application of organic fertilizer and biochar has a positive effect on soil properties and crop yield improvement, but the effect is not significant in the first year. And due to the abnormal adverse weather condition of the test year produced a great influence on some results, as well as the lack of longitudinal comparison, the effects of continuous organic fertilizer and biochar application need to be further studied. |
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