| The low annual precipitation in northwest China makes the local water resources relatively scarce,and the water resources for agricultural irrigation are scarce.At the same time,due to the relatively extensive agricultural irrigation methods,the limited water resources utilization rate is low,which aggravates the shortage of agricultural irrigation water resources.Therefore,adopting appropriate cultivation measures to improve the utilization efficiency of farmland water resources is of great significance for crop production in Northwest China.Soil moisture supplemental irrigation technology is a widely used agricultural water-saving technology based on the difference between the target soil water content and the measured soil water content in the key growth period of winter wheat.It can supplement irrigation on demand and significantly improve irrigation water use efficiency.The ridge-furrow planting method is an efficient rainwater harvesting cultivation measure,which can gather rainwater in the planting ditch,which is conducive to crop root water absorption and improve water use efficiency.A series of studies have shown that these two cultivation techniques can effectively improve water use efficiency.However,in the northwest region,it is not clear whether the combination of these two cultivation measures can play a good water-saving effect,thus affecting wheat yield,quality and water use efficiency.Based on this,this study selected winter wheat variety Xinong 20,using three planting methods of furrow sowing(P1),ridge sowing(P2)and flat planting(P3),combined with three irrigation treatments of 40 cm soil depth soil moisture measurement supplementary irrigation(S40),60 cm soil depth soil moisture measurement supplementary irrigation(S60)and conventional control irrigation(SCK)to form different planting methods.By measuring the population traits,yield and its components,grain quality,water use efficiency and soil nitrate and ammonium nitrogen content of winter wheat in different treatments,the effects of different planting methods and irrigation measures on wheat production in Guanzhong wheat area of Northwest China were explored.Screening wheat planting methods suitable for Guanzhong irrigation area.The main results are as follows :(1)Trench sowing with a depth of 60 cm for soil moisture measurement and supplementary irrigation(P1S60)is more beneficial for the population structure and coordinated development of winter wheat.Compared with the flat cropping(P3)treatment,the furrow sowing(P1)treatment shortened the wheat growth period by 2-3 days,and the ridge sowing(P2)was the same as the flat cropping(P3)treatment.Compared with flat cropping(P3),furrow sowing(P1)treatment has more tillers and can increase the proportion of dry weight in the ear,while ridge sowing(P2)treatment can increase the proportion of dry weight in the wheat stem and sheath;Compared with furrow sowing(P1)and flat cropping(P3),ridge sowing(P2)treatment significantly reduced the contribution rate of dry matter storage to grain yield after flowering.The 60 cm soil moisture measurement supplementary irrigation treatment(S60)and 40 cm soil moisture measurement supplementary irrigation(S40)significantly increased the accumulation of dry matter after flowering.(2)Trench sowing at a depth of 60 cm for soil moisture measurement and supplementary irrigation(P1S60)treatment achieved higher yield while improving the processing quality of winter wheat.Compared with flat cropping(P3),there was no significant difference in yield between the two years of furrow sowing(P1)treatment,while the yield of ridge sowing(P2)treatment was significantly reduced.Compared with control irrigation(SCK),the 60 cm soil moisture measurement supplementary irrigation treatment(S60)had no effect on yield,while the 40 cm soil moisture measurement supplementary irrigation treatment(S40)reduced yield.Compared with flat cropping(P3)treatment,ridge sowing(P2)and furrow sowing(P1)treatments can significantly improve the processing quality of wheat grains;Compared with the control irrigation(SCK)treatment,the 60 cm soil moisture measurement and supplementary irrigation treatment(S60)significantly improved the processing quality of winter wheat.(3)P1S60 treatment increased water use efficiency and reduced the residue of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in soil.Compared with flat planting(P3),furrow planting(P1)increased the total water use efficiency,while ridge planting(P2)decreased the total water use efficiency.The total water use efficiency of 60 cm soil layer soil moisture measurement supplementary irrigation(S60)was significantly higher than that of 40 cm soil layer soil moisture measurement supplementary irrigation(S40)and control irrigation(SCK).Compared with flat planting(P3),furrow planting(P1)could reduce the content of nitrate nitrogen in soil,and the absorption and utilization of ammonium nitrogen in furrow planting(P1)and ridge planting(P2)were better than flat planting(P3).The absorption of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in 60 cm soil layer(S60)was not different from that in control irrigation(SCK),but both treatments were better than 40 cm soil layer(S40).In summary,under the conditions of this experiment,the field wheat population structure of furrow sowing(P1)treatment combined with 60 cm soil depth measurement and supplementary irrigation(S60)treatment was reasonable,which could promote the growth and development of wheat,increase the number of grains per spike,and increase the contribution rate of dry matter stored after anthesis to grain yield.While reducing irrigation water,it promoted the absorption and utilization of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen by wheat and obtained higher yield,prolonged the formation time and stability time of wheat dough,and increased gluten and protein content.Therefore,in order to achieve the purpose of water-saving,high-yield and high-quality,the combination of furrow sowing(P1)and supplementary irrigation at 60 cm soil depth(S60)is the best planting method in Guanzhong area. |
