Effects Of Controlled Release Fertilizer On Soil Environment In Root Domain Of Apple

This research are based on the phenomenon of low fertilizer utilization, serious soil acidification, labor shortages of fertilizer and other issues in most apple orchards of the main producing areas. Taking 10-year-old Red Fuji apple in full fruit period,1-year-old young Gala apple and fruit special controlled release fertilizer (CRFs) produced in Shandong of Jinzhengda ecological shares Engineering Co., Ltd. as materials and designing different treatments, the effects of CRFs on environment in root domain, growth and development of plant and apple fruit are researched. The objective of the study is to investigate the response mechanism of different CRFs content on different orchard for the utilization of CRFs on fruit tree. The main results are as follows:CRFs increased content of alkaline hydrolysis N in soil and decreased content of available phosphorus in soil. The content of available potassium was decreased in Red Fuji (full fruit period) orchard but increased in Gala (young). In different periods, the overall trend of available phosphorus content and alkaline hydrolysis N content in Red Fuji apple treated by CRFs was decreased firstly and then increased slightly, decreased slightly finally. Contents of alkaline hydrolysis N and available potassium in Gala (young) treated by CRFs are keep increasing, while content of available potassium in Red Fuji (full fruit period) was declined and then increased. Among different CRFs, the highest content of alkaline hydrolysis N appeared in Red Fuji (full fruit period) orchard which treated by CRF2 and Gala (young) orchard which treated by CRF3. The highest content of available phosphorus in both orchard were appeared when treated by CRF3, while the highest content of available potassium appeared in Red Fuji (full fruit period) orchard which treated by CRF1 and Gala (young) orchard which treated by CRF2.CRFs reduced the content of soil exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg and available Mn, while gained the available Zn content. Content of available Fe and Cu are different in different orchards. It declined in Red Fuji (full fruit period) and gained in Gala (young) orchard. Exchangeable Ca in Red Fuji (full fruit period) orchard treated by CRF3 showed a higher value in different periods, but the value are different in each period. Exchangeable Ca in Gala (young) orchard changed slightly in each treatment and each period. Content of exchangeable Mg showed the trend of initially decreased and subsequently increased, then increased in different treatments and different periods. The highest content of exchangeable Mg appeared in Red Fuji (full fruit period) orchard when treated by CRF3, while it appeared in Gala (young) orchard when treated by CRF1. The available Fe content of Red Fuji (full fruit period) orchard varied slightly in different periods and treatments, while it changed significant in the Gala (young) orchard which showed an upward trend. Content of available Mn, Cu and Zn showed different value in different periods. The content in Red Fuji (full fruit period) orchard showed trends of increasing, while it initially increased and subsequently decreased in Gala (young) orchard. The value changed slightly between different treatments.CRFs increased soil pH value in Red Fuji (full fruit period) orchard, but the value changed slightly between different periods. CRFs declined soil pH value in Gala (young) orchard. Soil pH value showed trend of decreased with period, but varied slightly between treatments.Activity of soil invertase and urease in Red Fuji (full fruit period) orchard decreased firstly, and then increased in CRFs treatment. However, soil invertase and urease activity in Gala (young) orchard increased early, and then decreased and changed slightly with different treatments. The highest activity of soil invertase and urease appeared in Red Fuji (full fruit period) orchard when treated by CRF2, while in Gala (young) orchard when treated by CRF3. In general, soil β-glucosidase activity initially increased and subsequently decreased. It was higher in CRF1 treatment in Red Fuji (full fruit period) orchard and in CRF3 treatment in Gala (young) orchard.In order to clarify the effect of CRFs on soil microbial functions, changes of soil microbial ability in taking advantage of a single carbon source was analysed though BIOLOG-ECO technology. The results show that:effect of CRFs on microbial biomass carbon and soil microbial ability in taking advantage of carbon sources are related with periods. CRF1 and CRF2 promoted the utilization of microbial on carbon sources in early period, while CRF3 promoted the utilization on August 27. Microbial utilization ability of different types of carbon are different with different treatments and periods. In the best fertilising period of CRF1, CRF2 and CRF3, the carbon sources used mostly were respectively polymers, amino acids and amines. Carbohydrates and amino acids are the mainly carbon sources of CRFs worked on the diversity of microbial function though principal component analysis.