| Sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicas) is a marine invertebrates which body wall are rich in nutrients belong to Echinodermata Holothuroidea, with a valuable edible and medicinal value. With the development of sea cucumber aquaculture, disease problems have become increasingly prominent. Skin Ulceration Syndrome has become the most serious disease hazards in sea cucumber aquaculture because of its strongest infection, highest mortality rate and fastest growing, which difficult to treat after the outbreak and often resulting in significant economic losses. The traditional use of antibiotics and chemical disinfectants can be controlled outbreak and spread of the disease in short term but will bring drug residues, environmental accumulation, ecological damage and some other problems. Chinese herbal medicine and its extracts become a focus of new research in immunostimulants, also in line with the future development trend of green, efficient fishery drugs and has a broad application prospects with the features of low toxicity, no residue, low cost, extensive efficacy, high security, etc. This paper provide a theoretical basis for the application of the three Chinese herbal medicine extracts in sea cucumber aquaculture by studies the effects of ginseng stem-leaf extracts, acanthopanax extracts and astragalus extracts on growth, immunity, disease resistence and digestive etc. of sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicas). The main results are as follows: 1 Effect of ginseng stem-leaf extracts on growth, immunity and disease resistence of sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicas)In order to determine the application of ginseng stem-leaf extracts in sea cucumbers(Apostichopus japonicas) farming, the study is conducted to observe effects of ginseng stem-leaf extracts on growth, immunity and disease resistance of sea cucumbers with an initial body weight of(4.91±0.17) g. The test sea cucumbers are fed with ginseng stem-leaf extracts at 10, 20, 40 and 80 g in per Kg basal feed for 30 days, while using those fed with only basal feed as a control. The results indicate that ginseng stem-leaf extracts have no significant effects on the growth of sea cucumbers because their specific growth rates(SGR) are not changed with the increase of ginseng stem-leaf extracts’ levels. Compared with those in the control, sea cucumbers fed with 80g/Kg feed of ginseng stem-leaf extracts show significantly higher total coelomocytes count(TCC), respiratory burst(RB) activity and activities of phagocytosis, superoxide dismutase(SOD), total nitric oxide synthase(T-NOS)(P<0.05). Increased phagocytosis activity is also observed in sea cucumbers fed with 40g/Kg feed of ginseng stem-leaf extracts(P<0.05). However, no significant differences of the other test immuneparameters are made between those fed with 10 g/Kg and 20 g/Kg feed of ginseng stem-leaf extracts and the control(P>0.05). In addition, the challenge trial also shows that sea cucumbers fed with 20 g/Kg, 40 g/Kg and 80 g/Kg feed of ginseng stem-leaf extracts can increase the healthy rates. The healthy rates of 80.56% in sea cucumbers fed with 80 g/Kg feed of ginseng stem-leaf extracts was significantly higher than those of the control and 10 g/Kg feed of ginseng stem-leaf extracts groups(P<0.05). To conclude, ginseng stem-leaf extracts can be applied as an immune enhancer in sea cucumber aquaculture as a result of their significant improvement in immunity and disease resistance of sea cucumbers. 2 Effect of acanthopanax extracts on growth, immunity and disease resistence of seacucumber(Apostichopus japonicas)In order to study the effect of acanthopanax extracts on growth, immunity and disease resistance of sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicas), 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 g acanthopanax extracts were added to per Kg basal diet to fed sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicas) for 30 days. The results showed that acanthopanax extracts had no significant effect on the specific growth rate of sea cucumber(P>0.05), but had a significant effect on cell-mediated immunity and humoral non-specific activity. 2.5, 5, 10g/kg acanthopanax extracts can significantly improve the coelomocytes phagocytic and respiratory burst activity(P<0.05), which 10g/kg acanthopanax extract is the best. 2.5 and 5g/kg acanthopanax extracts can significantly improve LSZ, SOD, CAT, ACP and T-NOS activity from coelomic fluid(P<0.05), and only 10g/kg group can significantly enhance PO activity(P<0.05 effect), 5g/kg acanthopanax extract impact on the immune activity of the best. The challenge trial show, 2.5, 5, 10 g/Kg of acanthopanax extract can significantly improve disease resistance of sea cucumber, which 5g/kg group was the best. This experiment shows that acanthopanax extract has significant effects on immune of sea cucumber, the acanthopanax extract amount added more than 2.5g/kg has significant effect, in which the best results dose is 5g/kg. 3 Effect of astragalus extracts on growth, immunity and disease resistence of seacucumber(Apostichopus japonicas)Study the effects vary of growth, immunity and disease resistence, sea cucumber was fed the feed that containing 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 g / kg astragalus extract for 30 days. The results showed that only 10g/kg astragalus extract can significantly increase the specific growth rate of sea cucumber(P<0.05). Each astragalus extract group can increase the total number of coelomocytes, but no significant level. 10, 20g/kg astragalus extract can significantly increase the activity of phagocytic and respiratory burst(P<0.05). 5, 10g/kg astragalus extract has significantly effects on LSZ, CAT, ACP, T-NOS activity from coelomic fluid(P <0.05), especially on LSZ. 5g/kg astragalus extract is the only group that can significantly increase the activity of superoxide dismutase. 5, 10, 20 g/Kg of astragalus extract can significantly increase the sea cucumber’s healthy rate when exposed to high concentrations of Vibrio splendid environment(P<0.05), 10g/kg astragalus extract is the best among them. This study shows that astragalus extracts has significant effect on growth, immunity and disease resistance of sea cucumber, 10g/Kg is the best dosage for this study. 4 Effect of Chinese herbal medicine extracts on ingestion, intestinal microflora anddigestive enzymes of sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicas)Select those dose of three Chinese herbal medicine extracts which has best effect for sea cucumber immunity(A: 80g/kg ginseng stem-leaf extracts, B: 5g/kg acanthopanax extracts, C: 10g/kg astragalus extracts) feeding sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicas to study their effects on ingestion, intestinal microflora and digestive enzymes of sea cucumber. The results show that A, B and C had no significant effect on sea cucumber ingestion rate(P>0.05), but A and C can significantly improve feed efficiency(P<0.05). A, B, C has significant effects on intestinal microflora in sea cucumber(P<0.05), in which B has the best inhibitory effect on harmful intestinal flora, while A has the best effect on reproduction of probiotics. C has significant effect on activity of intestinal protease, amylase and lipase in sea cucumber(P<0.05), A and B can only significantly improve intestinal amylase activity in sea cucumber(P<0.05), where A has significant reduce the intestinal protease activity(P<0.05). In this study, those three kinds of Chinese herbal medicine extracts has be researched the effects on ingestion, intestinal microflora and digestive enzymes at the dose that best effect for sea cucumber immunity. Result showed that B has the best effect on digestion and absorption of sea cucumber. |
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