| This experiment was conducted to test the growth and development responses of geese to adding different proportions of rice husk diluted diets for different times, and to explore the results of quality limited feeding on compensatory growth, so as to provide the basis for production practices.Four hundred and twenty five 19-d-old Yangzhou geese were randomly divided into seven equal groups:control group (A),7% rice husk diluted diet for 7d (B),14% rice husk diluted diet for 7d (C),21%rice husk diluted diet for 7d (D),7%rice husk diluted diet for 14d (E),14% rice husk diluted diet for 14d (F), and 21% rice husk diluted diet for 14d (G). A, B, C, and D groups included five replicates of thirteen birds, and E, F, and G groups included five replicates of eleven birds. The experiment was divided into three periods:the adaptation period, dilution period and normal feeding period. Geese in the control group were fed the basic diet during the whole test time. B, C, and D groups were fed 7%,14%, and 21% rice husk diluted diets, respectively, during 21 to 28 days old, and fed the basic diet during 29 to 70 days old. At the same time, E, F, and G groups were fed 7%,14%, and 21% rice husk diluted diets, respectively, during 21 to 35 days old, and fed the basic diet during 36 to 70 days old. The results are as follows:1. No significant differences were found in body weight at the beginning of the test (at 21 days old) (P>0.05). Rice husk dilution induced a significant loss of body weight (P<0.01). The body weight of geese in D, E, and F groups were significantly lower than that of A group (P<0.01). The body weights of geese in C group were lower than those in A group (P<0.05), Differences remained until the age of 63 days. However, at the age of 70 days, the body weight of geese in A group was significantly higher than those in F group (P<0.01), and higher than those in D group (P<0.05). In addition, there were no differences between A group and other groups.2. During 21 to 28 days, feed intakes of geese in D and F groups were higher than those in A group (P<0.05). F/G of geese in G group was significantly lower than that in A, D, and E groups (P<0.01), which was in turn lower than that in C group. During 29 to 35 days, feed intakes of geese in G group were obviously higher than those in A, D, and E groups (P<0.01), which were higher than those in B, C, and F groups (P<0.05). F/G of geese in F group was significantly higher than that in G and A groups (P<0.01), and in C group was significantly lower than that in G group (P<0.01). After correction of feed intake, feed intakes of geese in A group were significantly higher than those in C, D, E, F, and G groups (21 to 28 days) (P<0.01). Feed intakes of geese in B and C groups were significantly higher than those in E and F groups (P<0.01), and those were higher than those in G group (29 to 35 days) (P<0.05). Feed intakes of geese in F group were significantly lower than those in A group (P<0.01), and those was lower than those in C group (P<0.05), but there were no differences between B, D, E, and G groups (36 to 70 days) (P>0.05). Moreover, F/G of geese in B group was the highest, and that in F group was the lowest, but there were no significant differences between the control group and test groups (P>0.05).3. At the age of 70 days, body slope length of geese in A group was significantly higher than in B, C, and E groups (P<0.01), and those were higher than in D, F, and G groups (P<0.05). Keel bone lengths of geese in A group were significantly higher than those in B, C, D, and E groups (P<0.01), and those were higher than in F and G groups (P<0.05). Moreover, chest angles of geese in rice husk dilution groups were significantly higher than in A group (P<0.01), and a gradually increasing trend was found with an increase of dilution ratio and feeding time.4. At the age of 28 days, percentage of abdominal fat of geese in A group was significantly higher than that in B and D groups (P<0.01). As well, there were no significant differences between A, B, C, and D groups (P>0.05). At the age of 35 days, percentage of abdominal fat of geese in A group was significantly higher than that in B group (P<0.01), and that was higher than that in C, D, E, and F groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, percentage of leg muscle of geese in A group was higher than that in G group (P<0.05). At the age of 70 days, no significant differences were found in carcass weight, half-eviscerated weight, eviscerated yield, breast muscle weight, abdominal fat weight, percentage of carcass, percentage of half-eviscerated yield, percentage of breast muscle, and percentage of abdominal fat between the control group and rice husk dilution groups (P>0.05). However, a gradually increasing trend in percentage of abdominal fat was found as the dilution ratio and feeding time increased. Percentage of leg muscle of geese in rice husk dilution groups was significantly lower than that in A group (P<0.01).5. Gizzard index of geese in A group was significantly lower than that in D group (P<0.01), and that was lower than that in B and C groups (P<0.05) at the age of 28 days. No significant differences were found in liver index (P>0.05), while a gradually increasing trend was found with the increase of dilution ratio and feeding time. There were no differences between other organ indexes (P>0.05). At the age of 35 days, liver weight of geese in A group was significantly higher than that in D group (P<0.01), and that was higher than that in G group (P<0.05). However, the trend of decrease remained. At the same time, gizzard index of geese in G group was significantly higher than that in A, B, and D groups (P<0.01), and that was higher than that in E group (P<0.05). At the age of 70 days, there were no differences in organ indexes, except spleen index (P>0.05). The decreasing trend in gizzard indexes and the increasing trend in liver indexes were found as the dilution ratio and feeding time increased.6. At the age of 28 days, TP content of geese in C group was lower than that in B and D groups (P<0.05). Meanwhile GLU content of geese in B group was higher than that in D group (P<0.05), and HDL-C and LDL-C contents of geese in C group were lower than that in B group (P<0.05). At the age of 35 days, TP content of geese in F group was significantly higher than that in B, C, and G groups (P<0.01), and that was higher than that in A and D groups (P<0.05). TP content of geese in E group was higher than that in B and G groups (P<0.05). Moreover, GLOB content of geese in A and D groups was lower than that in E and F groups (P<0.05), and GLOB content of geese in G group was significantly lower than that in E and F groups (P<0.01). At the age of 28 days, TG content of geese in B group was significantly lower than that in D, E, G, and A groups (P<0.01). There were differences between C and D groups (P<0.05), and between F and G groups (P<0.05).7. Index of duodenal weight of geese in A group was higher than that in B and D groups (P<0.05), and index of caecum weight of geese in C group was higher than that in A and D groups (P<0.05) at the age of 28 days. At the age of 35 days, index of duodenal weight of geese in A group was lower than that in D and F groups (P<0.05). Index of caecum weight of geese in F group was higher than that in A, B, and E groups (P<0.05), and index of caecum weight of geese in A group was lower than that in C group (P<0.05). At the age of 70 days, index of duodenal weight of geese in A group was significantly higher than that in B group (P<0.01), and that was higher than that in F group (P<0.05). Index of duodenal weight of geese in B group was lower than that in C and D groups (P<0.05). Index of jejunum weight of geese in F group was lower than that in G and A groups (P<0.05). Index of ileum weight of geese in A group was higher than that in B and E groups (P<0.05), and index of caecum weight of geese in A group was higher than that in F group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, index of duodenal weight of geese in A group was the highest, and was significantly higher than that in B group (P<0.01), and that was higher than D, F, and G groups (P<0.05). Index of duodenal weight of geese in C group was higher than that in B group (P<0.05). At the same time, the decreasing trend in the index of duodenal weight was found with an increase of dilution ratio and feeding time.In summary, we conclude that feeding different dilution ratios and different time periods of rice husk diluted diets in early development has an impact on production performance, internal organ development, and biochemical serum parameters of geese. Geese show obvious compensatory growth later in development after being fed rice husk diluted diets early in development. A gradual decrease in differences of early weight and slaughter performance was found later in development, which suggests that rice husk diluted diets could be used in the early stages of geese development as nutrition thinner. However, this compensatory growth does not return certain parameters to normal levels (body slope length, keel length, chest angle, etc.), and even leads to some organs to grow faster or slower later (gizzard, liver, duodenum, etc.). This is in accordance with the predictions of the metabolic programming that body changes caused by early nutritional limitations will persist in the later stages of growth. |
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