Effects Of Supplemental Irrigation On Soil Water Consumption Characteristics And Yield Of Wheat In Different Soil Texture FieldAbstract

The experiment was carried out from 2013 to 2014 under field conditions in the Shiwang village(35°40′09′′N, 116°41′43′′E, 55 m above sea level), Yanzhou, Shandong Province, the breed is high-yielding winter wheat cultivar Jimai 22. Respectively in the powder loam(F) and sandy loam(S) plots, on the basis of irrigation quota formula, set the supplemental irrigation(SI) period and the depth of soil layers expected for water infiltrating(DSLEWI) of two factor test, SI period set at jointing stage(W1), early winter + jointing stage(W2), jointing + anthesis stage(W3) 3 levels. Four DSLEWI were set: The target relative soil water content after SI at jointing stage was 100% of field capacity in 0-10 cm(D1)、0-20 cm(D2)、0-30 cm(D3)、0-40 cm(D4) soil layer, respectively, the target relative soil water content after SI at early winter and anthesis stage was 100% of field capacity in 0-20 cm soil layer in all SI treatments, no irrigation as CK(D0). Research the effects of SI on soil water consumption characteristics and grain yield of wheat in different soil texture field, the main results are as follows:1 Effect of different treatments on water consumption characteristics of wheatIn the powder loam plots, the whole growth period total irrigation amount were increased with the increasing of DSLEWI at jointing stage significantly for all the treatment, the no irrigation treatment storage of soil water consumption was the highest, and total water consumption is lowest, the SI treatment total water consumption increased with the increasing of DSLEWI at jointing stage, between D3 and D4 treatment had no significant difference. Under FW1 conditions, the soil water storage consumption in the 60-100 cm soil layers was ranked as D3, D4>D2>D1, in the 100-160 cm soil layers was ranked as D3>D2, D4>D1. Under FW2 conditions, the 0-60 cm soil layers water storage consumption for D2, D3, D4 was significantly lower than D1, the 80-160 cm soil layers water storage consumption was ranked as D4>D1, D3>D2. Under FW3 conditions, the D0 treatment 0-200 cm soil layers water storage consumption was the highest, there was no significant difference between SI treatment of the 0-20 cm soil layers water storage consumption, in the 30-80 cm soil layers, D4 treatment was significantly higher than that of the D1, D2, D3 treatment, in the 100-160 cm soil layers was ranked as D1, D3>D2 >D4. Show that in the powder loam plots, if anthesis stage was not SI, appropriate to increase the DSLEWI(0-30 cm) at jointing stage could promote the soil water consumption of the 60-160 cm soil layers; if anthesis stage was SI, the DSLEWI at jointing stage too deep(0-40 cm) will lead to the reduce of the soil water consumption in deep soil layers instead.In the sandy loam plots, the whole growth period total irrigation amount were increased with the increasing of DSLEWI at jointing stage significantly for all the treatment, the no irrigation treatment total water consumption is lowest. Under SW1 conditions, the irrigation treatment total water consumption increased with the increasing of DSLEWI at jointing stage, between D3 and D4 treatment had no significant difference. 0-40 cm soil layers water storage consumption to D0 and D1 treatment is higher, the 60-140 cm soil layers ranked as D2>D3, D4>D1. Under SW2 conditions, the irrigation treatment total water consumption was ranked as D2, D3, D4>D1, the water storage consumption in the 0-140 cm soil layers was ranked as D3, D4<D0, D1, D2, in the 0-40 cm soil layers ranked as D2<D0, D1, in the 60-140 cm soil layers ranked as D2>D1>D0. Under SW3 conditions, the irrigation treatment total water consumption increased with the increasing of DSLEWI at jointing stage, between D2, D3 and D4 treatment had no significant difference, D0 treatment water storage consumption in the 0-40 cm soil layers is highest, and the SI treatments was decreased with the DSLEWI increasing at jointing stage, in the 60-120 cm soil layers ranked as D3, D4<D0<D1<D2. The results show that in sandy loam plots, under three SI period treatment, increased the DSLEWI at jointing stage will promote the water consumption, but the DSLEWI too deep(more than 20 cm), the soil water storage consumption in the 60-140 cm soil layers will decreased instead.2 Effects of different treatments on soil water potential and the leaf water potential of wheatIn the powder loam plots, from flag leaf stage to late grain filling stage, the 0-60 cm and 0-100 cm soil layers water potential were to D0 treatment minimum, the irrigation treatment 0-100 cm soil layers water potential show increased with the DSLEWI increasing at jointing stage. Flag leaf stage and anthesis stage before irrigation, the 0-40 and 0-60 cm soil layers water potential show increased with the DSLEWI increasing at jointing stage; early grain filling stage, the 0-20, 0-40 and 0-60 cm soil layers water potential show decreased with the DSLEWI increasing at jointing stage, same with the SI amount in the anthesis stage; middle grain filling stage, the 0-20, 0-40 and 0-60 cm soil layers water potential performance no significant difference between the SI treatment; later grain filling stage, the 0-20, 0-40 and 0-60 cm soil layers water potential ranked as D4 < D3 < D2 < D1, same with the SI amount in the anthesis stage. From flag leaf stage to later grain filling stage, D0 treatment flag leaf water potential was significantly lower than that of the jointing stage and anthesis stage SI treatment, the SI treatment flag leaf water potential in the flag leaf stage, anthesis stage and early grain filling stage were increased with the DSLEWI increasing at jointing stage; in the middle and later grain filling stage were ranked as D1 < D2 < D3, D2 and D4 treatment had no significant difference.The plots of sandy loam is basically the same as the powder loam plots. But during the early stage of grain filling, the 0-20, 0-40 and 0-60 cm soil layers water potential was ranked as D1 < D2, D3, D4 treatment; at the later grain filling stage, the 0-20, 0-40 and 0-60 cm soil layers water potential was ranked as D1 < D2 < D3 treatment, D4 and D3 treatment had no significant difference. Each SI treatment flag leaf water potential in flag leaf stage, anthesis stage, grain filling stage were all ranked as D1 < D2 < D3 treatment, there was no significant difference between D4 and D3 treatment in flag leaf stage, anthesis stage, early and middle grain filling stage, in the later grain filling stage, D4 treatment was significantly higher than D3.Based on the above results, combining with the correlation analysis showed that, from flag leaf stage to later grain filling stage, the flag leaf water potential and 0-100 cm soil layers water potential was extremely significant positive correlation, the DSLEWI set at jointing stage was significantly effect the flag leaf water potential during the middle and later growth stage, the DSLEWI deeper properly, could improve the SI water amount at jointing stage, it can improve the water potential of flag leaf during the later period of wheat growth, but the deep soil water potential too low can restrict the improvement of flag leaf water potential.3 Effect of different treatments on carbon assimilation, accumulation and distribution of dry matter of WheatIn the powder loam plots, the flag leaf photosynthetic rate had no significant difference in the flag leaf stage; D0 treatment was the lowest after anthesis, for SI treatment, the flag leaf photosynthetic rate was increased with the DSLEWI increasing at jointing stage, between D3 and D4 treatment without significant difference. The transpiration rate of flag leaf was consistent with the photosynthetic rate. During the grain filling stage, the SI treatments electronic conduction velocity(ETR) and PSII actual photochemical efficiency(Φ PSII) value was increased with the DSLEWI increasing at jointing stage, between D3 and D4 treatment had no significant difference. During the anthesis and maturity stages, for SI treatment, the dry matter accumulation was increased with the DSLEWI increasing at jointing stage; the translocation amount from vegetative organs that stored before anthesis to grain after anthesis was decreased with the DSLEWI increasing at jointing stage, the assimilation of dry matter allocation in Grains and the contribution rate to grain after anthesis was increased with the DSLEWI increasing at jointing stage. The sandy loam plots basically the same as the powder loam plots. But the two types of plots DSLEWI at jointing stage was 0-30 cm and 0-20 cm respectively, more conducive to improving flag leaf water potential and photosynthetic rate, promote the dry matter to the grain operation.4 Effects of different treatments on the nitrogen accumulation, distribution and use efficiency of wheatIn the powder loam plots, during the anthesis and maturity stage, the nitrogen accumulation in plants, grain nitrogen accumulation amount and nitrogen fertilizer production efficiency generally increased with the DSLEWI increasing at jointing stage, no significant difference between D3 and D4 treatment. Under FW1 conditions, the vegetative organs nitrogen transfer amount was ranked as D3, D4>D1, D2>D0; the D2 treatment contribution rate of vegetative organs nitrogen transfer to grain was the lowest, the rest of the treatment was no significant difference; Under FW2 conditions, the contribution rate of vegetative organs nitrogen transfer to grain was ranked as D3>D4>D1, D2; Under FW3 conditions, during the anthesis and maturity stage, nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen of vegetative organs transfer amount was increased with the DSLEWI increasing at jointing stage, D3, D4>D1, D2>D0.In the sandy loam plots, during the anthesis and maturity stage, the nitrogen accumulation in plants, grain nitrogen accumulation amount, Nitrogen absorption efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer production efficiency was ranked as D2, D3, D4>D1 >D0. Under SW1 conditions, D2 and D4 vegetative organs of nitrogen transfer amount was the highest, the nitrogen contribution rate of vegetative organs transfer to grain was ranked as D1, D2, D4>D0, D3; Under SW2 conditions, D2 and D3 vegetative organs of nitrogen transfer amount was the highest, the nitrogen contribution rate of vegetative organs transfer to grain was ranked as D1>D2> D3>D0, D4; Under SW3 conditions, vegetative organs of nitrogen transfer amount ranked as D2, D4>D3>D1>D0, the nitrogen contribution rate of vegetative organs transfer to grain was ranked as D0>D2, D4>D1, D3.In summary, in the powder loam and sandy loam plots, the DSLEWI at jointing stage set for 0-30 cm and 0-20 cm respectively, more conducive to nitrogen accumulation and distribution of grain, improving the nitrogen uptake and use efficiency.5 Effects of different treatments on senescence of flag leaf of wheatIn the powder loam plots, 0-28 days after anthesis, D0 treatment activities of superoxide dismutate(SOD) is lower than the rest, each SI treatment of SOD activity was increased with the DSLEWI increasing at jointing stage, no significant difference between D3 and D4 treatment; after anthesis, D0 treatment flag leaf malondialdehyde(MDA) content is higher than the other treatments, 14-28 days after anthesis, the MDA content of each SI treatments was ranked as D1>D2>D3, D4. The sandy loam plots is basically the same as the powder loam plots, But 0-28 days after anthesis, the SOD activity performance was ranked as D0 < D1 < D2, D3, D4 treatment, D2, D3, D4 treatment had no significant difference; 14-28 days after anthesis, MDA content was ranked as D0>D1>D, D3, D4 treatment, D2, D3, D4 treatment had no significant difference. In conclusion, appropriate to increase the two type land DSLEWI at jointing stage, improve the SI water amount, it is helpful to delay the senescence of flag leaf, but powder loam and sandy loam plots DSLEWI was more than 30 cm and 20 cm respectively, deep to 40 cm at jointing stage, the adjustment effect of flag leaf senescence was no longer obvious.6 Effects of different treatments on grain yield and water use efficiency of wheatThe lowest grain yield of powder loam plots was D0 treatment, and the SI treatment was increased with the DSLEWI increasing at jointing stage, between D3 and D4 treatment had no significant difference. Under FW1 conditions, the SI treatment water use efficiency had no significant difference, but significantly higher than D0 treatment; Under FW2 conditions, D2, D3 and D4 treatment water use efficiency was not significant difference, but significantly higher than D0 and D1, the irrigation water productivity was ranked as D1, D2>D3>D4; Under FW3 conditions, the water use efficiency and irrigation water productivity was ranked as D1, D2, D3>D4. The sandy loam plots is basically the same as the powder loam plots. But the grain yield of D2, D3 and D4 treatment had no significant difference; under SW1 conditions, irrigation water productivity was ranked as D2>D1>D3>D4; under SW2 conditions, irrigation water productivity was ranked as D2>D3>D1, D4; under SW3 conditions, irrigation water productivity was ranked as D1, D2>D3>D4. So the plots in the powder loam and sandy loam, respectively set the DSLEWI in 0-30 cm and 0-20 cm at jointing stage, can obtain high yield and high water use efficiency, continue to increase the DSLEWI to 40 cm, no further increase in grain yield, even lead to lower production efficiency of irrigation water.