The Intergenerational Transmission And Changing Trend Of Inequality Of Opportunity In China

In recent years, with the deepening of social reform in China, the optimization of livelihood status quo, on the one hand, is derived from the welfare accumulation of the life quality improvement trend under the market economic transition and on the other hand, from the justice and equity of social redistribution. As income inequality has become the important indicator of inequality research, inequality of opportunities provides different perspectives. In this thesis, we mainly use the economic concept of inequality of opportunity and regard "Circumstances" that cannot be determined by individual will in traditional sense as the Opportunity Set, which means taking advantage of the normative judgment of welfare economics-the well-being of equality and under the background of the individual and family economic capital as well as the ability to focus on the life cycle of labor economics, according to the economists like Sen, Fleurbaey and Roemer et al will, etc. This thesis tries to find that how much the final inequality depends on the personal efforts of individuals responsible for differences related factors, and how much depends on the non-individual responsible part and family circumstances by the methods of the inequality of opportunity for analysis and measurement.Under the background of inequality of opportunities in China, relative issues are raised by the use of classic situation analysis with systematic combing and broadening way of classic situation analysis, including Ex-Post analysis and Counterfactual analysis derivative method by using data from China General Social survey (CGSS) of Renmin University of China form 2003 to 2013-the complete database data of 10-year span to explore China’s reform and opening as the social status of the people’s livelihood enters the third period. Individuals’ IEOp problems nowadays range in long-term trends and change in the intergenerational transmission of IEOp, then, we review the survey carried out by individuals’ IEOp Perceptions in the targeted database-CGSS 2013, research in this thesis finds out:First, on the problem of IEOp’s long-term trend, this thesis objectively measures substantially the similar changing trend by comprehensive three methods including the EX-Ante methods, parameters, technical analysis of counterfactual way, to ensure that the trend analysis’s robustness. From 2003 to 2013, the average absolute value of IEOp measurement results are approximately 13.86%,13.91%,13.93%; average relative value of each of IEOp were approximately 30.18%,30.29%,30.34%. IEOp of contemporary China society generally presented upward trend, but the trend slowed down after 2010. In the process, the growth rate of the overall presentation fluctuates but appearing overall downward trend. Social inequality of opportunity presents in an increasingly severe state. With the reform being forward, micro-distribution of individuals’justice does not enjoy equity.Second, we explore IEOp problems in 2003-2013. During this period, the father’s education and occupation of the respondents’household registration area are key factors leading to IEOp problem, and the mother occupation and political respondents the identity of the IEOp impact are relatively weak. This is similar to findings of relevant scholars in North Africa and Latin America and other developing countries. China, as the largest developing country, is also facing similar IEOp problems. In addition, career-related opportunities provided by the parent set among the father’s occupation on offspring earnings are greater in rural enterprises; agriculture and other related career opportunities parent offspring intergenerational income transmission strong parent for the period Education-related opportunities intergenerational transfer is relatively weak, and the education level of high school or vocational school parent to offspring income has relatively strong inter-generation opportunity to pass, the whole status of China’s reform and opening up human society into the third stage has not been changed. The construction of the parent family environment, family welfare effect on offspring controllable income is about 20.39 percent while real estate owned about 19.03%.Finally, we recall 10 years of subjective social survey IEOp trend test perception in 2013 year, and find that the higher the education level of respondents belonging to the city residence, was born in the coastal areas, higher IEOp Perception Index; Father’s education and occupation and IEOp perceive significant positive correlation; In addition, the family environment utility to IEOp perceive no significant effect, while individual compared with their peers, the lower socio-economic status have a higher perception of inequality of opportunity index; For the decline since 2003, the social status of an individual perception IEOp has been larger than the index subjective testing fully reflects the objective trend decomposition conclusions.