The Formation, Operation And Variation Of Kazak Pastoral Economic Cooperation Organization

Based on the field research in a Kazakh pastoral area in fuyun county of Altai region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, this article analyzes the historical development and the current situation of economic cooperation organizations in this ares. The study exerts the process of cooperations’formation, operation and variation as a line of analysis. After reviewing the diachronic transition and synchronic cooperative mechanism of economic cooperation organizations in this region, the study trying to explore what characteristics and problems of economic cooperation organizations in pastoral areas exist. This article will show a dynamic process of cooperative mechanism in a pastoral community, making a comparison among traditional pastoral organizations and modern economic cooperation organizations, such as aul, cooperation and association.The study has found that Kazakh herdsmen’s livelihood will change in pace with the balance relationship among ecology, population and livestock. Therefore, pastoral cooperation organizations also have appropriate changes. Traditional Kazakh pastoral community units in tribes to keep cooperative relationships, which combined with kinship, economical and reciprocal relationships. After People’s Republic of China founded, the government exerted many technical methods to promote the development of traditional pastoral herding, and to solve modernization problems in pastoral areas, on account of traditional pastoral herding always be considered as extensive and original. From the People’s Commune period to the Reform and Opening-up period, there aroused many kinds of cooperative movement in Kazakh pastoral community, which were spontaneous or promoted by government, and many economic cooperation organizations grew up and played roles for the development of the region. After entering the 21st century, central government promoted settlement of Kazakh herdsmen and carried out the Institution of Grassland Contracting at pastoral areas, therefore many changes appeared among people’s livelihood. The life style of pastoral changed from all-the-year nomadic to seasonal nomadic. As the tendency of domestic management, combined the appeal of re-organization of pastorals and farmers with promotion of government, economic cooperation organizations generated constantly.The study suggests that pastoral production require extensive cooperation, and the establishment and development of economic cooperation organizations will promote cooperation in the pastoral community, reaching pastorals and farmers’ appeal of re-organization. As an economic cooperation organization, cooperations has contributed to large scale operation. But there occurred variation results out of institutionalization during the process of cooperatives take effects. Under specific effect institutional situations, the development of cooperations always related with special assists from the government, individuals have different choices and conducts which were deviated from origin organization goals during the process of adapting the cooperating mechanism, confined with their resources constitution and cooperative ambition. General social divisions were embedded in the pattern of difference, leading variation results of economic cooperation organizations cooperation with organizational goals deviation occurs, so that the pastoral cooperating cannot run well due to some obstructions. Therefore, how to conduct effective cooperations will have an important impact on the development of the Kazakh pastoral areas, which will help enlarging scale of production and organize individuals to face market risks.