| Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants, which are widely used in electronic products and household products. PBDEs exist in various environmental medias and are harmful to human body in different ways. Research showed that the indoor environments are important pathways for human exposure to PBDEs, this had the great effect on human health.A method for detecting PBDEs in indoor air samples was studied, including extraction method, cleanup procedure and a detection technique. Subsequently, some indoor environments such as houses, offices, labs, cars, public places in Hangzhou were selected as the test sites. We investigated the concentrations, congener profiles, gas-particle partitioning, and analyzed the factors that influenced the concentrations of PBDEs in indoor air. Finally, we discussed the human exposure to PBDEs in the air. The major findings were listed below:1) The method for detecting PBDEs was developed by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The optimal conditions were injection temperature:270℃; column flow:2.4 mL·min-1; column type:BD-5(15 m×0.25 mm×O.10 μm); temperature increasing process:100℃(keep 1 min), increase to 200℃ by 25℃·min-1, increase to 280℃ by 5℃-min-1, increase to 315℃ by 5℃·min-1,315 ℃ keep 4 min. The detection limits of instrument was from 0.34 pg·m-3 to 35.20 pg·m-3.2) The pretreatment technology in indoor air samples was developed. The optimal conditions of soxhlet extraction were time:2 hours; the organic solvent:200 mL of n-hexane/acetone(v:v,1:1). The optimal conditions of cleanup procedure were multilayer silica gel column (from bottom to top):1 g silica gel,2 g H2SO4 silica gel,1 g silica gel,2 g H2SO4 silica gel,2 g silica gel,4 g Na2SO4; the eluent:120 mL of n-hexane/DCM (v:v,1:1). The recovery was from 85% to 115%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was from 0.67% to 12.175%.3) Atmospheric concentrations of PBDEs ranged from 727.42 to 893.33 pg·m-3 (average 801.39 pg·m-3) in homes of Hangzhou, atmospheric concentrations of PBDEs ranged from 913.73 to 1552.65 pg·m-3 (average 1165.33 pg·m-3) in offices, atmospheric concentrations of PBDEs ranged from 997.89 to 1016.68 pg·m-3 (average 1007.29 pg·m-3) in labs, atmospheric concentrations of PBDEs ranged from 629.91 to 1053.16 pg·m-3 (average 841.54 pg·m-3) in cars, atmospheric concentrations of PBDEs ranged from 918.12 to 1456.52 pg·m-3 (average 1172.01 pg·m-3) in public places.4) BDE-209 was the main PBDEs congener in indoor air. BDE-209 accounted for 42.76%-66.11% of ∑ PBDEs in indoor air.5) Proportion of BDE-17, BDE-28, BDE-71, BDE-47, BDE-66, BDE-100, BDE-99, BDE-85, BDE-154, BDE-153, BDE-138, BDE-183 and BDE-190, BDE-209 in gaseous phase were 45.44%,50.34%,56.64%,59.94%,53.22%,51.92%,58.22%, 60.27%,50.15%,53.05%,32.04%,61.77%,50.07%,57.94%, respectively.6) Concentrations of PBDEs in indoor air had a significant correlation with the year of decoration, the number of electrical equipment, the ventilation time. Compared to that of furniture, the impact of electrical appliances is greater.7) The results of Investigation of the exposure value of PBDEs from air showed that the average exposure value of infants, children, indoor workers, postgraduate were 6651.54,4646.08,11219.46,18520.99,17541.34 pg·d-1, respectively. |
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