Revised, Phylogenetic And Biogeographic Studies

The grasshopper genus Fruhstorferiola is belonging to the Orthoptera, Catantopidae, Melanoplinae. The type species is Fruhstorferiola tonkinensis. Since its establishment in 1922, the genus has been recorded 13 species. Two species are recorded from abroad:F. okinawaensis from Japan, F. tonkinensis from Vietnam and China, the rest species of the genus distributed in the Southern of China. The reported studies were concentrated on the descriptions of news species and morphological taxonomy, biological nature and prevention methods, the study of phylogenetic of the genus Fruhstorferiola has not reported. Interspecific evolutionary relationships is not clear, few studies about species geographical forming process.In order to analysis phylogenetic relationships of genus Fruhstorferiola 12 species, this paper selected adult 79 external morphological characteristics to constructed phylogenetic tree by Paup (Neighbour Joining method, maximum parsimony method, maximum likelihood method) software. Morphological characteristics of MP tree analyzed the characteristics degree of evolution by macclade application. In order to discussed from genus Fruhstorferiola molecular level phylogenetic relationship, Cytb, COX1, COX2 three mitochondrial genes joint to constructed phylogenetic tree. Quantitative analysis the status of the species on the geographic distribution, preliminary clarify genus fruhstorferiola the possible geographical differentiation pathway.The major findings and results were as follows:First, traditional taxonomic study about genus Fruhstorferiola specimen:found a new species and named Fruhstorferiola jiugongshana sp.nov. The key to species of the genus Fruhstorferiola were revised. Fruhstorferiola rufucorna Chinese name revised as 淡红�'腹露蝗.Second, use tonkinacris sinensis and emeiacris maculata as outgroup, selected 12 species of Fruhstorferiola as ingroup and the total statistics of 79 morphological characteristics, statistical analysis was performed by using the numerical method, get the form classification matrix for all 168 samples. The method of numerical branch will be in accordance with the numerical code coding system on these characters for code analysis. Then using three method to construct the MP, ML, NJ tree, compare the differences between them. The results showed that Fruhstorferiola huayinensis, Fruhstorferiola kulinga, Fruhstorferiola brachyptera, Fruhstorferiola viridifemorata, Fruhstorferiola rufucorna, those species has a close and clear genetic relationship. However, Fruhstorferiola omei, Fruhstorferiola sibynecerca, Fruhstorferiola xuefengshana and Fruhstorferiola huangshanensis classification of these four species is unclear, it needs further research. In addition to, use the macclade application to analysis the level of characters support. The results will be marked close relative relationship between species the same and different characters for graphical. The results showed Fruhstorferiola huayinensis and Fruhstorferiola kulinga have 21 traits support. It suggests that they have a close relationship.Third, use mitochondrial gene to analysis five species of Fruhstorferiola molecular systematics. Results show that using different tree-building methods to get the tree structure basically coincide, and tallies with the phylogenetic analysis of morphological characteristics results. Molecular results show that close genetic relationship of Fruhstorferiola jiugongshana and Fruhstorferiola huayinensis.Last, biogeography analysis found that:genus Fruhstorferiola is might start from the southwest of our country, from west to east, from south to north, two route gradually spread, after that two geographical boundaries segmentation, then evolution independent, finally converge in the midland. This speculation is not only consistent with the Fruhstorferiola genus geographical distribution, but also with the morphological study result.