| Sadness is a kind of emotional response caused by separation, lose or failure. Dispirited, disappointed, discouragement, demoralized, desolateness are included in sadness emotional experience. Many descriptions about the internal pathogenesis of sadness are recorded in the seven emotions theory of TCM. But now research about TCM syndrome differentiation of sadness emotion is very few. Sadness is a common emotion in clinical manifestation, its differentiation mostly rely on the somatic symptom which accompany with sadness. Not enough issues about the cognition of sadness became the barriers of emotional researches.This research is adopted the methods of classical and modern Chinese literature, dynamic tracking survey on physical healthy university students in four seasons and emotional induced experiment around female menstruation. To study the classical and modern differentiation regulation of sadness, explore the depressed, anxiety characteristics of people with sadness, and the characteristics of pulse graphs and types after emotional induced experiment, summarize the fluctuation of hormone. In order to provide theoretical basis and methodological supported for generate standardize terms and objective differentiation on sadness emotion.Objective:Systemize and summarize the sadness terms and differentiation through classical and modern Chinese literature. By tracking a dynamic survey on physical healthy university students, resulted into a variation characteristics and syndrome differentiation. Investigating the differences of pulse manifestation and behavior changing after sadness emotion occurred. Explore the methods of studying sadness.Methods:In literature studies, analyzed the terms related to sadness through classical and modern Chinese literature, use Excel to build a database, and SPSS20.0software was applied for statistical treatment in sadness terms and syndrome differentiation.In the dynamic tracking survey on physical healthy university students with sadness, take Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List(ASLEC) as measure tools, along with the body health questionnaire which compiled by the research group, to generate a combination questionnaire named healthy condition questionnaire for university students. The four seasons cross-sectional study conduct in the308students in colleges of TCM. Use the Project platform of "973project" to log in data, and take SPSS20.0to process analysis of descriptive, correlation and divergence.Take the emotional induced experiment in psychology, take the female students of Beijing Normal University (BNU) as testee. To study the dynamic changes of cortisol, estradiol, progesterone and testosterone in people with sadness, use pulse apparatus to measure the changes of pulse condition and pulse graph parameter. Along with the results of body health questionnaire, Profile of Mood State(POMS), BAI, BDI and menstruation condition questionnaire. Discussing and summarizing the pulse changes, the characteristics of the pulse graph parameter and the performance characteristics of sadness people.Results:In literature studies,57different sadness terms appeared in ancient literature, while16different sadness terms appeared in modern literature. The syndromes differentiation of sadness in ancient differentiation lies in the Zang-Fu organ of heart, kidney, liver and spleen; the disease-cause syndrome differentiation is wind, cold and fire; the eight-principle syndrome differentiation is deficiency, Yang and Yin. In modern literature, the Zang-Fu organ syndrome differentiation is liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidney; the basic pathogenesis is Qi stagnation, Qi deficiency, Yin deficiency, Phlegm, blood deficiency, blood stasis, Fire.In the dynamic tracking survey on physical healthy university students with sadness, Number of women is larger than man. In four seasons, exist2ancient Chinese season time in every season, widespread sadness shown in the winter, spring and summer is less than winter, sadness in autumn is the lowest, as well as the life events. The body discomfort shows the same trend with sadness, dry mouth, lassitude, head discomfort ranking the front places in every season. Male testee body scores is lower than female, and have good internal consistency. The mental emotional condition, anxiety and depression is serious in winter, and alleviate in spring, the lightest is in summer, and slowly improve in autumn. The level of anxiety is higher in female, while depression is heavier than female. Seasonal changes is salience in female.In correlation analysis, sadness has significant correlation with BAI score in6ancient Chinese season time, while BDI score in5ancient Chinese season time, and life events in4ancient Chinese season time. Testee shows different related emotional expression in different season time. Lassitude, choking sensation in chest has correlation with sadness in4ancient Chinese season time, while distending in chest, palpitation, stomach discomfort, head discomfort, frequent deep sighing, constipation, polypnea related to3ancient Chinese season time, and little appetite, pain in chest, throat discomfort, stool irregularities, sleepiness, tidal fever, lumbago, insomnia, easily awake from sleep related to2ancient Chinese season time.Different body discomfort in ancient Chinese season time shows the relationship between sadness and season. When winter begins, sadness testee has a performance related to liver Qi stagnation, spleen Qi deficiency, damp-heat, disorder of Qi movement. On the seasons for the Winter Solstice Festival, sadness testee shows liver Qi stagnation, blood stasis, phlegm-dampness obstructing the lung syndrome, disorder of Qi movement. When spring begins, sadness differentiation turns into syndromes of liver Qi stagnation, spleen Qi deficiency, blood stasis, phlegm-dampness obstructing the lung syndrome, kidney Yin deficiency. When summer begins, sadness differentiation turns into syndromes of liver Qi stagnation, Qi stagnation, blood stasis, Phlegm, heart-spleen deficiency, liver-kidney Yin deficiency. On the seasons for the Summer Solstice, sadness differentiation turns into syndromes of heart Qi deficiency, Qi stagnation and blood stasis, summer-heat, kidney Yin deficiency. When autumn begins, sadness differentiation turns into syndromes of liver Yin deficiency, Qi deficiency, Phlegm, disorder of Qi movement. On the seasons for the Autumnal Equinox, sadness differentiation turns into syndromes of liver-spleen disharmony, Qi-Yin deficiency.In the emotional induced experiment in psychology, testee shares calmness and joviality emotion before the sadness video. The level of sadness emotion rose signally after the sadness video ends, deeper sadness feeling occurred before the menstruation. Wiry pulse and moderate pulse appears after the sadness video while testee before the menstruation. Moderate pulse appears after the sadness video while testee after the menstruation. The pulse graph parameter h1, h3, h4, as and ad has declined.Sadness people body scores higher obviously than people without sadness,25body discomfort spread in60%of testee. Sadness people have higher internal consistency in body scores, high scores occurred after the menstruation. The negative emotion scores of sadness people higher obviously than people without sadness, and highest before the menstruation. Sadness people have higher anxiety and depression level in contrast to people without sadness. Sadness people have more irregular menstruation, the quantity and color of menstruation blood is abnormal in contrast to people without sadness.The level of cortisol in sadness people is lower than people without sadness, especially before the menstruation. The level of estradiol is low on45minutes after awake in sadness people. The level of progesterone is lower than people without sadness in the first hour of awaking. The level of testosterone is higher than people without sadness in the first hour of awaking before the menstruation, and lower than people without sadness after the menstruation.Conclusion:Ancient sadness terms, always formed with the body symptoms or other emotions, has various kinds of presentation. The usage of each term is very low. Modern sadness terms inherit some brief terms from ancient, and form kinds of new terms to describe sadness, which got higher utilization. As the historical development, the syndrome differentiation changed with the disease. Zang-fu organ syndrome differentiation mainly conclude into liver, heart, spleen, and the disease-cause syndrome differentiation is Qi stagnation, Qi deficiency, Yin deficiency.Sadness testee body condition and emotion condition show the dynamic change characteristics of winter heavier, summer lighter and autumn elevate. In four seasons, the basic key elements of sadness syndrome differentiation is liver Qi stagnation. In the beginning of winter, spring, summer and on the seasons for the Autumnal Equinox, spleen Qi deficiency emerged. So the meaning of identification and syndrome differentiation of sadness is liver-spleen disharmony.Before the menstruation, sadness experience is deeper than after the menstruation. Sadness elevates the wiry pulse and moderate pulse. The pulse graph parameter changes reflect the decrease of venous return, cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Sadness testee has more body compliant and menstruation discomfort, higher level of anxiety, depression and other negative emotion. The nervousness is above normal, and cortisol awakening response is very low, the variation tendency of sex hormone is differ with physical healthy people. In this section, the syndrome differentiation of sadness is liver Qi stagnation, heart-spleen deficiency. |
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