False Gentian Pointed Leaves And Determination Of The Chemical Composition

Gentianella acuta., known as "ku long dan",belongs to the Gentiananceae Gentianella Moench..There are about125species in this genus all over the world, mainly distributing in Africa and North and south temperate regions.There are nine species in China, distributing in northeast, northwest and southwest regions, among which there are five kinds for drug use. Gentianella acuta. is mainly used in Mongolian, Tibetan medicine to treat jaundice, hepatitis, headache, fever, et al. The Ewenki and Oroqen hunters use it to treat arrhythmiaand other heart diseases for a long time, and the effect is significant.Few modern pharmaceutical research on Gentianella acuta are reported.The earliest chemical constituents were found in2005, then several studies about its chemical compositin and the pharmacological effects of a few components were reported. Gentianella acuta.mainly contains xanthones, iridoids, flavonoids, triterpenoids and steroids, with hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological effects. Folk medicine records show that Gentianella acuta., as the only plant with therapeutic effect of heart disease in this genus, could be used to relieve and treat arrhythmia, which is not recorded in other medicinal plants of this genus.This paper consists of three parts:1ReviewThis paper summarizes research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Gentianella medicinal plants. This genus mainly contains flavonoids, xanthones, iridoids, triterpenoids and sesterterpenoids, steroids. The main research methods of chemical composition are traditional separation methods such as solvent extraction and separation with silica gel column chromatography combining with Sephadex LH-20, Rp-18column chromatography and so on. Except above methods, high-speed countercurrent chromatography used to research on the chemical composition of Gentianella plants has been reported. The pharmacological effect research of this genus are rarely reported at present. In addition to Gentianella acuta., only few modern pharmacological research about Gentianella turkestanorum are reported. To dig deeper into the traditional medicinal plants resources to expand the application scope of ethnic drugs, the modern pharmaceutical research of this genus still need to be further studied.The article also summarizes the botany, chemical composition, and some ingredients’ pharmacological effects of Gentianella acuta.Similar to other plants of this genus, Gentianella acuta. mainly contains iridoids, xanthones, flavonoids, triterpenoids and other ingredients. And among them, there are mainly secoiridoids and secoiridoid glycosides in iridoids, and flavone C-glycosides in flavonoids.Liver and gallbladder, and anti-inflammatory effects of Gentianella acuta.are mainly relatedwith its chemical composition, in which iridoids and triterpenoids have anti-inflammatory sedative, hepatoprotective effect. Except bellidifolin, Swertianolin and demethylbellidifolin, Few chemical composition related with its anti-arrhythmic effect are reported. Chemical composition and anti-arrhythmic pharmacological effects of Gentianella acuta.need to be further studied.2Extraction and separation of Gentianella acuta.Gentianella acuta.was extracted by different polar solvents, then was enriched by macroporous resin, finally got five parts extracts:petroleum ether extract, ethyl acetate extract,30%,70%,95%ethanol elution part of macroporous resin. C8medium pressure column chromatography was used for coarse segmentation.70%ethanol elution part of macroporous resin was further separated and purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography. Finally20compounds were obtained, and16compounds’ structures were identified, respectively:sweroside (1),(7S,8R)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), decentapicrin C (3), desacetylcentapicrin (4),(7S,8R)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(5),1,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone8-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (7),3-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester (8),1,7-dihydroxyxanthone3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10),5-hydroxy-3,4,8-trimethoxyxanthone1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Qian2-1),1,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone8-0-β-D-glucopyranoside (swertianolin)(F1),1-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(F2),1,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(F3),1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone5-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (4-6),1-hydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (X1-2),1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyxanthone3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (X2),1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(isoswertianolin)(X3) Among them, compounds2and5,3and4, F1and X3, F3and X2were isomers, and compounds2、3、5、7、8、10、 Qian2-1、F3、4-6、 X1-2、X3were isolated from this genus for the fist time.3Content determination of three xanthoneglycosides of Gentianella acuta.HPLC method was used to determine the content ofthreemain components1,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,1-hydroxyl-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone7-O-β-D-glucopyranosid,1,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside in Gentianella acuta.Conditions were as follows:Thermo syncronis C18(250×4.6mm,5μ m) column,24.5%acetonitrile-water isocratic elution,the flow rate was1.0mL/min, the detective wavelength was254nm, the column temperature was35℃.This method was simple, fast,stable.The experiment also determined the content of1,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,1-hydroxyl-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,1,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside in different batches of Gentianella acuta. at different growth stages, to provide a reference for plantingandqualitycontrol of Gentianella acuta.