| This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementary different feeds (corn, hullsbarley, rapeseed meal, et al) on the growth performance and blood indexes of growing yaks in different seasons (warm season and cold season). Metabonomics has emerged as a powerful biological tool to study effect of supplementary different feeds on the serum metabolites of growing yaks in warm and cold season. Then elucidate mechanism of metabolic on the seasonal characteristics of the yak with supplementary feeds.Experiment1,30female yaks were randomly allocated to three groups, with10yaks in each group in warm season. Yaks in the3groups were subject to the following3treatments:(1) grazing with hulless barley (HLB) supplementation at the amount of lkg/d, group H,(2) grazing with rapeseed cake (RSC) supplementation at the amount of1kg/d, group R,(3) the control treatment grazing without supplementation, group CK. The trial lasted for37days. Results:The average daily gain (ADG) were0.75kg/d and0.68kg/d in H and R, which was120.59%(P<0.05)、100.00%(P<0.05) increased contrast with CK, respectively; ADG of H was110.29%of R which was tender to higher (P=0.053). Contrast with CK, the supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased the content of GOT, GH and leptin in plasma of yaks, respectively. H significantly (P<0.05) increased the content insulin in plasma, H significantly (P<0.05) increased the content Triglyceride in plasma. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration was lowest (P<0.05) in H (P＜0.05). The expressions of Leptin mRNA in fat tissue was increased with H and RSC supplementation (P＜0.05), While HSL mRNA in fat tissue was was decreases with H and RSC supplementation (P<0.05).Multivariate data analysis showed that serum levels of1-Methylhistidine, alanine, creatine, creatinine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, isoleucine, LDL&VLDL, lysine, N-acetyl glycoprotein, phosphoenolpyruvate, proline, succinate, threonine, tryptophan, valine, α-glucose and (3-glucose were higher in yaks in group A than that in yaks in group C (P<0.05), whereas serum levels of3-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, lactate and trimethylamine were higher in yaks in group C than in group A (P<0.05). We also found that serum levels of choline, creatine, formate, glutamate, glutamine, isoleucine, LDL&VLDL, lysine, malonate, myo-Inositol, N-acetyl glycoprotein, phenylalanine, phosphoenolpyruvate, proline, succinate, tryptophan and valine were higher in group B than in group C (P<0.05), whereas serum levels of lactate and trimethylamine were higher in group C. we compared the metabolic profiles between yaks in group A and in group B. Serum concentration of creatinine, glutamate and glutamine were higher (P<0.05) in group A than in group B, dimethylamine, LDL&VLDL and malonate were higher(P<0.05) in group B than in group A.In conclusion, growth performance of growing yaks can be improved when hullessbarley or Rapeseed cake was supplemented in the warm season, energy supplementation with hullessbarley was better than protein supplementation with rapeseed cake. The expressions of Leptin mRNA in fat tissue was increased with supplementation, while HSL mRNA in fat tissue was decreases with supplementation. Dietary supplementation with concentrations can partially increase the metabolic consequences, such as energy, lipid and amino acid metabolism. Our work has demonstrated that the metabonomic technique is a useful tool to probe the effects of nutritional intervention in a grazing system.Experiment2,30yaks were randomly allocated to6groups, with5yaks in each group in cold season. The yaks in the6groups were subject to the following6treatments:(1) grazing with corn supplementation, group A,(2) grazing with HLB supplementation, group B,(3) grazing with rapeseed meal (RSM) supplementation, group C,(4) grazing with com+RSM supplementation, group D,(5) grazing with HLB+RSM supplementation, group E,(6) the control treatment grazing without supplementation, group F. Results: Liveweight gain of yaks who with supplementary feeding group was significantly increased than yaks in group CK (P<0.05); liveweight gain of yaks in the group D was significantly higher than other four supplementary feeding groups (P<0.05); Followed by yaks in A group, liveweight gain was significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05); Finally, liveweight gain of yaks in group B, group C and group E was not significant with each other (P>0.05).Serum level of total protein at the end of trail in group D and E was significantly higher than group A, C, CK three groups (P<0.05); Serum level of albumin concentration of B, C, D group is significantly higher than group CK (P<0.05); serum level of urea nitrogen content in group B, C, D, E was significantly higher than group A, CK (P<0.05), which in group C was significantly higher than group B (P<0.05);serum level of triglycerides in group A, C, D and E was significantly higher than group CK (P<0.05); serum level of Alkaline phosphatase in group A and group D was significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05), group B, CK was significantly higher than that in group E (P<0.05). Serum level of calcium in group B was significantly higher than group A and C (P<0.05), D, E, CK group is significantly higher than group A (P＜0.05); Serum level of phosphorus in group D and E was significantly higher than group A, B, C, CK (P＜0.05). Serum level of leptin, insulin, growth hormone was not significant with each other in these groups (P>0.05).Contrast with group F, multivariate data analysis showed that serum level of dimethylamine was increased in yaks in group A; serum levels of glutamine, glycine, α-and P-glucose increased, whereas serum levels of choline, lysine and myo-inositol decreased in yaks in group B; group C and group F metabolites in serum has no obvious difference; serum levels of creatinine, dimethylamine, glutamate, glutamine, and methionine increased, whereas serum level of3-hydroxybutyrate decreased in yaks in group D; serum level of lactate increased, whereas serum levels of1-Methylhistidine, acetate, choline, glutamate, glutamine, lysine, N-acetyl glycoprotein, N-acetyaspartate, β-glucose decreased in yaks in group E. Serum levels of1-Methylhistidine and myo-inositol were higher, whereas serum levels of3-hydroxybutyrate, Acetone, ethanol were lower in yaks in group D than that in yaks in group A. Serum levels of Creatinine, dimethylamine, glutamate, lysine, inositol, methionine, creatine were higher, whereas serum levels of3-hydroxybutyrate, Acetone and citrate were lower in yaks in group D than that in yaks in group C. Serum levels of citrate, GPC, lactate, creatine were higher, whereas serum levels of1-Methylhistidine, acetate, choline, glutamate, glutamine Glycine, leucine, lysine and methionine, N-acetyl glycoprotein, N-Acetyaspartate. a-and β-glucose were lower in yaks in group E than that in yaks in group B. Serum levels of citrate, lactate, GPC were higher, whereas serum levels of3-hydroxybutyrate, betaine, choline, glutamate, glutamine, leucine, lysine, Malonate N-acety] glycoprotein, N-Acetyaspartate, α-and β-glucose were lower in yaks in group E than that in yaks in group C.In conclusion, growth performance of growing yaks can be improved when concentrations was supplemented in the cold season, liveweight gain of yaks with corn+RSM supplementation was highest in all groups, then yaks with corn supplementation was higher than the rest groups. The liveweight gain decreased when replace corn with highland barley. Dietary supplementation with concentrations can affect the metabolic consequences in grazing yaks, yaks with corn+RSM supplementation compared with corn supplementation increased protein synthesis and decreased fatty acid oxidation, and compared with RSM supplementation had sufficient energy, increased protein synthesis and decreased fatty acid oxidation. Yaks with HLB+RSM supplementation compared with HLB or RSM supplementation who’s citric acid cycle inhibited and efficiency of glucose for energy decreased. Yaks with supplementary mixed feed affected more metabolic changes in serum than with supplementary a single feed. |
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