The Late Qing Dynasty To The Period Of The Republic Of China Xinjiang Poppy Cultivation And Opium Smuggling

Drug problem was nationwide problem in the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China (1912-1949) in our country, opium poppy cultivation, opium production and opium trade was very widespread. It was one of the most serious problems in modern times of China. Xinjiang was then in the border area, however, it could not escape from the opium flood. Opium caused a very far-reaching effect to the politics, economy and society in that period. Academic circle has done a long research on "Drug-prohibition" of modern Xinjiang, showing lack of attention to opium poppy cultivation, opium production and opium trade of this area. In fact, the drug-permission period is far longer than that of drug-prohibition. In order to show a comprehensive description and the inevitability of existence of the drug to Xinjiang in the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China (1912-1949), I chose this as my research object. And I want to offer some importance of drug trade to the Xinjiang society. To this degree, the research is very meaningful.The article could introduce into three ports on the whole. The first part is mainly about the research progress of drug problem of Xinjiang in the late Qing Dynasty to RC. The second part discussed the opium poppy cultivation, opium production and opium trade in the late Qing Dynasty. The third part discussed the opium poppy cultivation, opium production and opium trade of Xinjiang in RC. And the last part is about the far-reaching influence caused by the drug problem to Xinjiang society in this period.The first part is introduction, including the topic selection, the research achievements about this academic field, the scope definition, the fundamental ideas and the main research methods to this article.The second part discussed the opium poppy cultivation, opium production and opium trade in the late Qing Dynasty. The reconversion of those aspects shows that the main planting areas had a long time transfer. Transient drug-prohibition could not solve the drug problem. However, giant administration expenses started to rely on the effective management to the drug trade, which stimulate the drug problem. The third part discussed the opium poppy cultivation, opium production and opium trade of Xinjiang in RC. In order comply with the drug-prohibition treaty between China and UK. Yang Zengxin government enforced a long term drug-prohibition policy, which was effective to confine opium poppy cultivation in the southern Junggar Basin. After the inspection tour of the British ambassador, due to political reasons of stability, opium poppy cultivation had a long term development in Yili and Tacheng. And the two districts had become the major opium production areas. Besides, all previous Xinjiang governments of this period resumed the opium tax for financial pressures. Because of the monetary disturbances, more and more mainland businessmen treaded opium as a very important unity equivalent, which also promoted the opium trade.In the forth part, I want to discuss the profound and lasting influence caused by the opium problem to modern society of Xinjiang, including positive aspects and negative aspects.