Huanghuai Tzu Pile Water To Operate In A River Basin In Qing Dynasty

The main purpose of this study is to understand the function of the water environmental observation, management and control of the Qing Government, and study the establishment, distribution and function of the Flood Warning of water gauge station (tools with measurement) in the Qing Dynasty. The paper takes the Flood Warning of water gauge station in the upper and middle reaches of the Huai River and the Yellow River for example, recovers the establishment of water gauge station and operation of the Flood Warning, analyzes the establishment of water environmental risk and warning system of the Qing Government, and evaluates the effect of the system in the Qing Dynasty on the flood control. Through this historical process, the characteristic of the centralization of the rule of Qing Government is revealed.The observation behavior of the water environment existed since ancient times, with the long history of evolution, and this observation in tools, technology and the scope of application had different levels of development. Since the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, regardless of the perspective of water resources, or management and control of flood risk, the observation of the water environment had become a governmental act, incorporated into the state system level to operate. This study, taking the establishment and operation of the system of the Flood Warning of water gauge station in the Qing Dynasty as the starting point, explores this issue.First, this article clears the conception of "water gauge station" and "the Flood Warning" and the relationship between them. Water gauge station is the tool used to measure the size of the river or lake water level fluctuations,"the Flood Warning refers to the behavior which take situation of rivers and lakes to report higher authorities or other areas, and the main content of the Flood Warning is water level by water gauge station. Through searching the records of the Qing Dynasty on water gauge station literature, we can extract some common names from them, and explore their basic establishment, functional applications, and their geographical distribution. Studies suggest that water gauge station in the Qing Dynasty can be divided into two kinds of measuring and forecasting, both have the function of measuring the water level, but the difference is that the prediction-type water gauge station have the task of transferring to the downstream with hydrological information, and its role of the flood warning is more prominent. As to measuring-type analysis, the article takes water gauge station of beisi and Nansi lakes in Shandong territory for example, showing that they indicates their characteristics of local water resource distribution.The management and operation of forecasting-type water gauge station is the focus of this paper. The paper recovers the establishment of water gauge station on the upper and middle reaches of the Huai River and the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Studies have shown that the process of their establishment, is also the Qing Government in-depth understanding of the geographical background of the above regional flood environment. The Huai River in the upper and middle reaches and the Yellow River in the middle reaches was the "missing" zone in engineering design and the official post configuration in the early Qing Dynasty. In the early18th century, with the emergence of the Flood Warning of water gauge station in the upper reaches of the Yellow River in Ningxia Prefecture, the Qing Government vision gradually strengthened concern of the upper and middle reaches, which started the prelude to the Qing Government in the whole basin water environment monitoring and warning. Since the mid-18th century, a hydrological mass contact had been established from the upper and middle reaches to its downstream on the Huai River and the Yellow River. This process was the performance that the Qing Government political power and environmental management efforts have been enhanced. From the Kangxi, the Qing Government sought the specialized trend of river management, giving rise to growing of river technology bureaucracy, thus they played an important role in the Qing river management. The thought of the Flood Warning of water gauge station came from this group. However, at the same time, officials force used its strong checks and balances strategy, both in the Flood Warning of water gauge station to mobilize collaborative participation in the river officer and other officer, and strengthening the supervision of the behavior of both policies.As for the effect of the Flood Warning of water gauge station in flood prevention in the insurance, the paper argues that the main performance for the prevention and regulation of downstream engineering repair has reference value. Due to the geographical environment, system complexity, the constraints of the transfer conditions, and political environment factors, the effect of flood forecasting should not have done a high rating, its political role is more important.