Changes Of The Qing Dynasty In Shule River River And Lake Water System

Water network changes is an important and traditional element of the historical geography, it is also the basis of other studies. Scholars like Tan Qixiang and Shi Nianhai have had specialized research, most of the later scholars usually study as well as river basins and districts, these studies and lectures enrich the theories and practices of historical water network study, and give the foundation of this paper. Feng Shengwu and Li Bingcheng have had written some lectures about historical water network of Shule River Basin, Feng went into the water system changes of middle and lower reaches of the Shule river by taking a perspective of the entire basin, but the discussion is simple and no detailed. Li deals with the controversial issue of the locations of Ming River(Jiduan River) and Ming Lake, gives the answer to the disappearance of Ming Lake and Bulu Lake, but the discussion is not extend to the entire basin. On the whole, based on present data, the study about the water network of Shule River Basin before the Qing Dynasty is already good, but the study in Qing Dynasty is still inadequate, such as the middle reaches channel problem of Shule River, the fragmegration of Shule River and Dang River, the relationship between Shule River and Bulu Lake and so on.To solve these problems, according to the relevant historical materials, these works have been completed in this thesis:restored Shule River and its main tributaries in Qing Dynasty, restored the lakes of Shule River Basin in Qing Dynasty, summarize simply the rivers'hydrological features and lakes'features. Finally, we discussed the reasons for changes in the hydrological environment.This paper argues that the main channel of Shule River middle reaches from the Changma estuary directly towards Sidao and Liugou changed into the channel from the Changma estuary northeast into Jingni(Yumen) after fifty-eight years of Kangxi, but the Sidaogou channel is still in use; Before fifty-eight years of Kangxi, the water of the Shule River may flow out into Hala Lake, after the year, the lower reaches of the Shule River can't flow downstream to Hala Lake, until Jiaqing and Daoguang period, Shule River was still connected with Hala Lake by the supply of Dang River, Dang River determined the relationship of the Shule River and the Hala Lake. During Daoguang period, the west branch of Dang River only intermittently flew into Hala Lake, the east branch and Shule River may be occasional confluence. During Guangxu period, Dang River has been unable to flow into the Hala Lake, and can not be merged with Shule River was an established fact. To the lakes of Shule River Basin in Qing Dynasty, mostly they shrinked and disappeared because of lack of supply for the rivers, especially the performance of Bulu Lake. It should be said that natural factors and social factors contribute to hydrological environment changes of the Shule River Basin, but both the size of the contribution is needed further research. Undoubtedly natural factors play an important role in water network changes of Shule River Basin in historical period, but the effect of social factors in various periods is different. After the reign of Zhengde of Ming Dynasty, the development of Shule River Basin once weakened, until the last years of Kangxi, the impact of social factors has increased. Combined with historical data, we believe that the increase in population and cultivated land, man-made diversion, and the behavior of cultivating aroud the lakes are the important reasons for the hydrology environmental changes of Shule River Basion in Qing Dynasty. As for small-scale period, natural factors' effect on the hydrological environment changes should be small in Qing Dynasty, water Resources of Shule River Basin is relatively stable in Qing Dynasty. Overall, it should be said that the hydrological environment of Shule River Basin is from good to bad, but it does not mean that the total water resources of the Shule River Basin reduce in Qing Dynasty.