| Cucurbitaceae is one of the most important family in plant families, which includes cucumber, pumpkin, towel gourd, watermelons, and other common vegetables and fruits. There are some medicinal plants, such as Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim., Siraitia grosvenoii, Gynostemma Pentaphyllum Makino.. These medicinal plants have high medicinal value, and have been used for a long history. The chemical constituents of the medicinal plants in Cucurbitaceae are complicated, mainly containing sugar and glycoside, triterpene, plant sterol, fatty acid, amino acid, and volatile component. The pharmacological effects of these medicinal plants are clear and significant. The international and domestic scholars have been paying attention to the medicinal plants in Cucurbitaceae.Cucumber seed is the dried mature seed of Cucumis sativus L.. In summer and autumn, people recovery the ripe fruits, remove the seeds, wash, and dry them. The cucumber seed having no specific fragrance is in a spindle type, about7-10mm long,3-4mm wide. Its testa is yellowish-white, while the kernel is white and rich oily. According to the "Chinese Materia Medica", the cucumber seed can supply calcium, dispel wind, and dissolve phlegm, so it can be used in the treatment of fractures and muscle injury, rheumatism, senile asthma, and so on. As its medicinal value increases, the international and domestic scholars have done a plenty of researches on the chemical constituents of cucumber seed. However, their reports have been mainly limited to fatty acids, volatile oil, trace elements, etc. In this article, further research is focused on the chemical constituents of cucumber seed. Cucumber seed is rich of fatty oil. In order to determine the composition of its fatty acids, the fatty oil was extracted with petroleum ether. According to "Animal and vegetable fats and oils-Preparation of methyl esters of fatty acids"(GB/T17376-2008), the fatty oil was saponified and the methyl esters of fatty acids was prepared. According to "Animal and vegetable fats and oils Analysis by gas chromatography of methyl esters of fatty acids"(GB/T17377-2008), the fatty acids of fatty oil and their relative contents were determined. The cucumber seeds (4.4kg) were pulverized, and griddled by0.2mm mesh. The fatty oil was extracted with14.4L petroleum ether by heating reflux for2h,3times, and concentrated in vacuo. The extracted fatty oil (1.16kg,26%) was dark golden, and transparent. The fatty oil (0.5g) was saponified with8mL of NaOH-MeOH for5-10min followed under100℃water bath temperature, until the oil droplets disappeared. The saponified matters followed with9mL BF3-MeOH for2min, and4-8mL n-heptane for1min. The residue was extracted by saturated NaCl solution. The upper n-heptane phase was dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, and filtrated. The sample of fatty acid methyl ester was obtained. Then the sample of fatty acid methyl ester and the37Component fatty acids methyl esters mix packaging were analysed by the following chromatographic conditions:the Agilent DB-23capillary chromatographic column (60m x0.25mm,0.25μm, crosslinking bonding stationary phase, including50%cyanogen propyl), and FID detector (detector temperature at280℃). Temperature programming comprises that: initial temperature of130℃, hold1min, by6.5℃/min of heating rate to170℃, by2.75℃/min of heating rate to215℃, and hold12min, by4℃/min of heating rate to230℃, keep50min to end. The temperature of injector is270℃, split ratio is1:50, injection volume is1.0uL. Contrasting with the gas chromatographic diagrams, nine kinds of fatty acids were identified, namely myristic acid (0.12%), palmitic acid (12.04%), palmitoleic acid (0.09%), heptadecanoic acid (0.06%), stearic acid (5.64%), oleic acid (6.95%), linoleic acid (74.40%), a-linolenic acid (0.51%), arachidic acid (0.19%). The palmitic acid, heptadecanoic acid, α-linolenic acid, and arachidic acid were first reported in Cucumis sativus L.The fatty oil (1.13kg) was saponified with10L of5%KOH-MeOH for3h followed under75℃water bath temperature, and then concentrated in vacuo to obtain a yellowish-white residue. The residue was dissolve with water and extracted by EtOAc4times (5000mL,2500mL,2000mL,2000mL). The upper EtOAc phase was pooled together, washed until PH to7, dried by anhydrous Na2SO4overnighy, filtrated and concentrated in vacuo to yield an unsaponifiable matter (122g,2.8%). The unsaponifiable matter was separated with chromatographic separation method. Through IR, MS, NMR (1H,13C) spectrum analysis and TLC comparison with reference substance, six compounds were identified, namely karounidiol, isokarounidiol, spinasterol,24-ethylcholesta-7,22,25-trienol, avenasterol and24-ethylcholesta-7,25-dienol. Wherein karounidiol and isokarounidiol were first reported in Cucumis sativus L.Fructus Trichosanthis is the dried ripe fruit of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. or Trichosanthes rosthornii Harms. The efficacies of which are heat-clearing, phlegm eliminating, Kuan xiong san jie, and moistening the intestines. Fructus Trichosanthis can be used in the treatment of cough caused by lung heat, heart diseases, breast lump, lung tumor, intestinal tumor, astriction, etc. Because of their wide distribution and good economic benefit, Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. and Trichosanthes rosthornii Harms have been cultivated widely. Fructus Trichosanthis contains triterpenoid saponin, organic acid, resin, pigment, sugar, protein, sterol, amino acid, and other nutritional ingredients like mineral, vitamin, polyphenol. Fructus Trichosanthis is vulnerable to mildew and insect pest in storage, especially to Plodia interpunctella Hubner. The main problem for hospital pharmacy and the traditional Chinese medicine company is how to resist insects during storage period. Usually, because that herbs have high water content, they are easily harmed by mildew and insect, and the quality could decline. In this paper, the water content of Fructus Trichosanthis was determined.11samples of Fructus Trichosanthis in different destroyed degree were collected, and their water contents were determined with the drying method in the Pharmacopoeia of The People’s Republic of China2005Edition. The water contents of all the samples were situated between5.68%-9.77%. The water contents of samples which have been suffered by Plodia interpunctella Hubner in different levels were all lower than10%. The result was lower than11%-13%(the standard of the common Traditional Chinese medicine). The samples were damaged by Plodia interpunctella Hubner, even their water contents were low. By contrasting with different samples, there is no correlation between the water contents of Fructus Trichosanthis and Plodia interpunctella Hubner. The conclusion can provide theory basis on the storage of Fructus Trichosanthis. And the research can give an intimation that the damage of Plodia interpunctella Hubner should be avoided by physiology and regular activities of the insects.Through the research on the relationship between water content of Fructus Trichosanthis and damage by Plodia interpunctella Hubner, there is no relationship. The samples of Fructus Trichosanthis were treated with different methods, packed by different materials. Then they did statistics in rancidity rate and moth rate. This research can provide theory basis on how to ensure the quality and avoid the damage of insects during storage period. The83damaged samples were treated with4different processing methods, packed by6different materials with4different packing methods. After1year storage, the acid values of83samples were determined based on the determination of acid value in the Pharmacopoeia of The People’s Republic of China2005Edition. Accroding to "the standard of edible vegetable oil"(GB2716-2005), the acid value of edible vegetable oil should be less than4mg KOH/g. When the acid value is higher than4, the edible vegetable oil was considered to be rancidity. The4different processing methods were:with no treatment, irradiated by Co60, irradiated by microwave in50s and80℃fire dry heat in1h. The acid-value qualified rates were respectively42.86%,42.86%,60.00%,23.81%, and the uninfesting rates were respectively68.25%,75.40%,76.67%,73.81%. The6different packing materials were: aluminum-plastic composite film, thick plastic bag, BOPP//PE compound membrane, thin plastic bag, non-woven fabric and brown paper bag. The acid-value qualified rates were respectively70.00%,75.00%,25.00%,0.00%,0.00%,0.00%, and the uninfesting rates were respectively94.17%,95.00%,100%,4.44%,50.00%,33.33%. The5different packing methods were:vacuum packaging, adding CO2packaging, AlP fumigant with packaging, adding desiccant packing and common packaging. The acid-value qualified rates were respectively66.67%,50.00%,62.5%,18.75%,26.09%, and the uninfesting rates were respectively98.61%,74.96%,74.96%,71.88%,62.32%. The best insect-resistant storage should be microwave processed, packed in the thick plastic bag or aluminum-plastic composite membrane, and in vacuum packaging.A further research is aimed to select the microwave condition and packaging material. The3microwave conditions were high fire, fire, and fire in low. The3packaging materials were:thick plastic bag, aluminum-plastic composite film and BOPP//PE compound membrane. Each packaging material had12bags, and each of them was250g of Fructus Trichosanthis. The samples of Fructus Trichosanthis were packed in the condition of vacuum or anti-vacuum. After three months between May-July, the acid values were determined and the conditions of insect damage were analysed. The treatment of microwave high fire can prevent Plodia interpunctella Hubner, but the rancidity rate was as high as67%. The treatment of microwave fire can prevent the Plodia interpunctella Hubner, and the samples did not rancidity. In the treatment of microwave low fire, the vacuum packing samples did not have infestation, but the anti-vacuum packaging samples did have. The acid values of infested samples were higher than the others. Therefore, the best method was microwave fire in50s, and packing with thick plastic bag or aluminum-plastic composite film, by vacuum storage. It can be effective in preventing Plodia interpunctella Hubner during storage period. |
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