| Water, as a kind of resource, has both generalized and restricted meanings. Usually, in our speech, we use its restricted meaning, which means all the fresh water resource on the land that can be used by human beings. Although fresh water is a kind of reproducible resource, it begins to lose its ability of meeting our need for the expanding of population and the development of human society and economy. The continuously increasing demands to water resource and unreasonable application of water leads to lots of problems on economy, society and environment. On this basis, scientists put forward the concept of water security and did a lot of work about it.Water security is an open system. The study on it should contain its natural property, social property and human property. While doing research, we should considerate all the aspects, such as: the society, economy, politics, resources, environment and so on. So we can definite water security: in a river basin or some other specific areas, based on the level of technology, economy and society that can be foreseen, in the principle of sustainable development, we observe whether the water resource, flood and water environment can persistently support the development of society and economy, or keep a benign evolution of the eco-system. If they can, this kind of state or ability was called water security.Chongqing is located in the southwest part of China. It is an area dominated by hills and mountains and it belongs to subtropical Monsoon climate region. As a big city, big country, big mountainous area and big reservoir area, Chongqing has its own typical features on the distribution and application of water resource. Hence in this article, we take Chongqing as an example to study water security. We did some analyses on its natural property, social property and human property. It covers some features of water resource, such as quantity, distribution, application, quality and so on.The analyses show that in Chongqing, the distribution of water does not match with the development degree. The more developed the areas are, such as the west and middle parts of Chongqing, the less water resource they have. On the other hand, the less developed the areas are, the more water resource they have, such as the northeast and southeast part of Chongqing. But there is another question:though some areas are rich in water, they can hardly keep water on their land surface and use it because of the special geology construction. In Chongqing, both the supply structure and application structure are different with other places. The surface water is the most important source of supplication, and pumping engineer is the main way to get water. In application, the quantity of water use in primary industry does not change much. The secondary industry uses maximal number of water. And the quantity of water requirement in tertiary industry increases most quickly. In the next couple of years, Chongqing city should devote to save more water while create same number of output value and promote the rate of water recycle. The development of economy and the increase number discharge of sewage have great influence on water quality of rivers. In recent years, people have paid more attention on environment protection and the government has promoted the ability of sewage treatment. Because of this, the water quality of rivers begins to get better and better.The problems such as population pressure, water depletion and worsening pollution have made the water security issue become a hotspot. It has great significance in nowadays to evaluate urban water security effectively and to use water safely and sustainably. Under these conditions, using water security context PSR (pressure-state-response) model, Chongqing water safety evaluation index system was constructed and the time series of water safety evaluation index between1997and2010was calculated in this paper. The result shows that in the past fourteen years, Chongqing water safety index is in a rising trend. Also, the state and responds indexes are both in rising trend while the pressure index is in a down trend. On this basis, we put forward the measures of water safety in Chongqing city. |
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