France A Century Concept Of Equality

This paper combines the political history of France with the special topic on equality, focuses the research view on the thinking innovation of equality in France during about a hundred years from the middle of 18 century to the middle 19 century. Accordingly, the title of the paper: "the hundred years' equality thinking in France-from the French Revolution to Paris Commune".The main clue of this paper is as follows:Sorting out the developing sequence and internal logic of the equality thinking in France during the given period; Referring to the historical events happened during the same period; Trying to conceived the structure of political equality with political thinking,system and historical events. From all of these, the paper displays the different behaviors which equality behaves in different trend of thoughts as a value, then summarizes the universal revelations from special historical time.On the basic of this clue, in the hope of bringing forth all aspects of equality as a value, the writer adopted the fourth-dimensional partition in the international political theory, that is to say, the political theory can be compartmentalized to a reference frame. The frame concludes two parts, which are abscissa and ordinate. The abscissa includes materialism and idealism; accordingly, the ordinate is composed of individualism and collectivism. At the same time, according to respective characters, we can induce four basis political ideas on equality: the idealistic equality, the empirical equality, the systematized equality, and the singular equality. The paper attends to the four equalities and their developmental tendency, contradiction, and contestation. Then, it will try to tracing the process of France communism from chimerical idea to scientific theory, in order to ascertain animadversion and surpassing of the Marxism on the topic. At last, we can elicit some scientific political theory on equality.Therefore, the design of the paper bases on them. From the first chapter to the forth chapter, it summarizes four France capitalistic ideas on equality: the idealistic equality, the empirical equality, the systematized equality, and the singular equality. Then, it can be explored minutely from representative character, advance presupposition, doctrinal content, objective state, practical counterpoint, institutional embodiment, the tend of practice, theory extending and so on. In the fifth chapter, it researches into their contradiction and contestation between the four equalities, indicates their class-conscious essence, and tries to find out a direction to sole these questions. In the sixth chapter, as the intrinsic tendency of soling these deep-seated contradictions of the four equalities, the paper traces the process of France communism from chimerical idea to scientific theory, so that it can point out a gospel: the scientific socialism is the one and only way to surmount these embarrassments of capitalistic theories on equality. At the last chapter, according to our reviews about theories of equality during the hundred years in France, it can conclude some political apocalypse from our history. Owning the wisdom, we could choose our road to the equality, by using these experiences in the west political histories.