Kazakh Russian By The Pronunciation And Spelling Rules To Study

A loanword is a word borrowed from this language into another language. It is often established on the basis of language contact. Any language in the world does not exist alone, and it is often linked with other languages through people's daily lives, work and study. We can notice this link from the quantity of loanwords in a certain language. In most language traditions, a loanword will reserve its prototype after adapted into another language. Such reservation of prototype refers to reserving the spelling or pronunciation of original language. As for the loanwords of some languages, they are spelled in the corresponding letters of borrowing languages, and their pronunciations are constrained by the borrowing languages. Kazakh also contact with many other languages in the process of historical development, and its vocabulary also includes a certain number of foreign words, of which the words adopted from Russia account for a great number. Kazakh is a Transnational Ethnic Group, mainly distributed in Kazakhstan and China. In Kazakhstan, Russian is the second official language following Kazakh, and Kazakh people there have certain skill of Russian language, while the Kazakh people living in China do not have that skill nor use Cyrillic letters. Therefore, the important purpose of this paper is to study on how to spell and pronounce the Russian loanwords in the language of Kazakh people living in China Xinjiang. According to the language habits of Kazakh people in Xinjiang, this paper makes a comparison between the Russian loanwords and their originals in such aspects as pronunciation and spelling. Firstly, this paper collects 165 Russian loanwords through Kazakh-Chinese dictionary, Kazakh-Russian dictionary and Russian-Chinese dictionary, and then by using synchronic description and comparative study, it compares their spellings and pronunciations in Kazakh and modern standard Russian, starting from the minimum language unit phoneme and its variants. Through comparative analysis, it is found that most of the Russian loanwords are singular nouns, and some are in plural forms. Russian has such grammatical category as gender for nouns, while Turkic languages have not, so no matter which gender they originally belong to, Russian loanwords in Kazakh lose their gender and exist like common words. But there are some nouns whose gender affixes are constrained by the characteristics of Kazakh language, so their individual affixes changed. The 5 vowels and 34 consonants in Russian original words are represented by 9 vowels and 17 consonant phonemes and 4 foreign phonemes in Kazakh language. Since constrained by the pronunciation characteristics of Kazakh, Russian loanwords in Kazakh have the phenomena of sound changes such as voice reducing and voice adding. After long-term evolution, some words in Kazakh have got several derived spoken variants. In spelling of Russian loanwords, Kazakh mainly adopts the principle of morphology and phonetics. When it does not affect understanding, Russian loanwords are spelled in the corresponding letters of Kazakh, according to the principle of morphology. If Russian loanwords are affected by the pronunciation, grammatical and semantic structure of Kazakh and have obvious changes compared with their Russian originals, they are spelled according to the principle of phonetics, i.e. according to their pronunciations.