Subjectivity, Husserl's Philosophical Ideals And Western Philosophy

Subjectivity can be said to be One of important questions for development of Western philosophy. Although the philosophy of subjectivity as a philosophical system present on the stage of philosophy after the beginning of the Renaissance, the ancient Greek philosophy has been the main breeds of this orientation, which reached an unprecedented height after a comprehensive explore of the Descartes "I think"-philosophy and Kant's transcendental theory of knowledge as well as the Husserl's phenomenological reduction.Although Descartes indicates the subjectivity in front of people first time, and Kant provides the proposition that human establish the legislation of nature, whether Descartes or Kant's philosophy did not reconcile contradiction between the emphasis on self-evidence of the starting point of modern philosophy and its requirement of universal necessity. Phenomenology as a philosophical goal and a philosophical method greatly strengthen the person's subjectivity in resolving this contradiction at the same time. The main subject of this article is to explore the issue that Husserl how to make a new construction of subjectivity in order to resolve the self-evident, inevitability and universality of knowledge by a phenomenological approach which based on Kant on Descartes.This article will explore the question in many aspects as follows: Firstly, what is the ideal of the philosophy and what is the ideal of Husserl's scientific philosophy. Secondly, what is the main new construction of Husserl' subjectivity-philosophy. Finally, what is the main impact of the plight of Husserl's philosophy.The first part of the article introduces the desire of modern philosophy that to be scientific makes the concept of scientific certainty enter the field of philosophy, so that it took philosophy to the road of the pursuit of certainty. This tendency to make philosophy scientific lead that human believe his capacity unprecedently, as a result, the subjectivity of mankind has been enhanced while this issue has become one of the key questions of philosophy. Husserl's life-long pursuit of philosophy is constructing the philosophy become as strict as the mathematical sciences, and his philosophy of phenomenology is the ideal of this kind of philosophy. Husserl build his own system of transcendental phenomenology based on the past, especially in the Descartes and Kant's philosophy, which make him overstep all the philosophy before him.The second part of the article will be described briefly the philosophy before Husserl, because we have to discuss any issues of philosophy based on the history of philosophy. In order to understand the history of subjectivity we must begin with the ancient Greek philosophy, as ancient Greek philosophy pregnant with the seeds of all philosophical thinking; In this section I will introduce the philosophy of Descartes and Kant mainly, not only because of Husserl's transcendental phenomenology is inherited of them, but also because the subjectivity is the first time to be descript in a comprehensive way in Descartes philosophy; And Kant based on Descartes offer the principle of human establish the legislation of nature by his epistemology ,which put the principle of human subjectivity more forward.The third part will focus on that Husserl inherites the subjectivity-philosophy of Descartes and Kant through what ways and means. This part is divided into four sections. Section I--"from general suspicion to general phenomenological reduction"--Husserl think that Descartes's "general suspicion" has not yet resolved the problem of the self-evident starting point for the philosophy, only through the phenomenological reduction can solve this problem. Section II will describe the substance self transform to the transcendental self. Because the modern philosophy of subjectivity associated with the rapid development of the scientific process, so that human is full of confidence for his capacity, and think that the human can learn, use, and control nature through their own ability. Thus make human beings and the natural world more and more in opposition. This means that Husserl only transform the substance self to transcendental self can solve the plight of dualism of philosophy. Section III introduces the reasons that Husserl used inter-subjectivity to reform the subjectivity. Husserl believes that: the past subjectivity-philosophy just talking about the question of individual subjectivity, and this does not conform to his ideals of philosophy, because a single thing can not guarantee the universal necessity of knowledge, so he reform the concept of subjectivity by the plural form. The fourth quarter mainly discuss that emphasizing the capacity of human make the Western philosophy and human nature become a serious crisis, he as a philosopher and thinker talk about this issue almost all of his later years.Part IV will briefly introduce the main problems and difficulties brought about by the philosophy that Husserl can not solve and the future impact his philosophy. I believe that mounting the object of all existence, as a result, Husserl's transcendental phenomenology make a great expansion of people' subjectivity, thus inevitably his philosophy would be thinked to be subjective and Anthropocentrism. Husserl's philosophy and influence can be said to be profound and all-encompassing on later philosophy. At this point, the author only talk about the impact of Husserl in the aspects of Western Marxism and Existentialism. The novelty of this paper is to explore the subjectivity of Husserl's philosophy based on the history of subjectivity-philosophy, which pursuit the ideal of strictly scientific philosophy and defend the self-evident and the inevitability of knowledge.