Chihli Education Administrative System In The Late Qing Dynasty

The change of local educational administration organization is one of the important contents of educational change in the later Qing Dynasty. And it is the transition stage of Chinese educational administration system's development towards modernization. Under the background of the abolishment of Imperial Examinations and the establishment of New School, the local educational affairs became various gradually, so the old educational administration system couldn't adapt to the requirement. With the development of the new education, the innovation of educational administration organization is put on the agenda.Among each province of the later Qing dynasty, the Chihli is the first district to carry on the innovation, which is typical of its kind. Under the charge of Yan Xiu and others, the Chihli used Japanese experience for reference, and reformed the provincial educational administration system. It set up the School-Department to manage the educational affairs and new type education of the whole province and carry out necessary administration and supervision on schools of every place. After the promulgation of , the Chihli changed the School-Department to Study-Affair Department, which managed the school affairs of the whole province. It was under the rule of the stadholder and it held the supervisal office, advice office, special education section, liberal education section and translation and edition section, etc, which made the educational management more canonical. After withdrawing the procurators, the Chihli set up Study Direction Department to deal with the educational administration of the hole province, and also set up General Subject, Common Subject, Special Subject, Industry Subject, Accountant Subject and Books Subject to help the study director manage the school education of the hole province. Besides, it set up Study-Inspection System to supervise the education of every place and urge the education development.In Fu, Zhou and Xian, the Chihli set up the Study Encouragement Office as the educational administration organ to deal with education, and set up the General Director of Study Encouragement to be in charge with the study affairs of Zhou and Xian; the management imitated the way of the police-sub-area. In the sub-areas, the study encouragement staff were arranged to direct and urge the study affairs; In every village, the directors were arranged to help the study encouragement staff persuade and encourage the study. The Preach Office was also set up to propaganda study affairs. After carrying out the local autonomy, the Study Encouragement Office's status descended. It changed to the educational assistant organ of Fu, Zhou and Xian from the former independent educational administration. In order to urge the specialization of the educational administration, the Chihli set up the Practice Office for education officers to improve their quality; In order to support education and boost the universalization of the education, the consultative organ—Education Committee was set up to be as an assistant organ.During the reformation, as the elite class, the esquire participated in the educational administration through being appointed as officers, accepting reeducation, serving as tutors and creating New Schools. They are bridges and ligaments between educational administration and local villages and towns. Through participating in the education administration and creating new schools, they melted into the education and impulsed the education development of the Chihli.The power of local educational administration's enlargement, the administration's specialization and the administration organ's improvement accelerated the development of the Chihli's education. It got rid of the fetter of the old education and entered the modernize path.