The Study Of Yunnan Heijing’s Salt

Yunnan Province is a very important salt producing areas of China in history, and Heijing is one of the important areas of Yunnan salt mine.Heijing is located in the Longchuan River Valley.The earliest salt mine was exploited in the Tang dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties the salt production of Heijing began to develop and flourish.Its production, technology, sales and so on are the top of Yunnan Province.At its most flourishing time,the annual output and the annual salt tax are almost half of total yield and total salt tax of Yunnan Province.Although Heijing had the trend of decline because of the tasteless halogen, old mine and expensive firewood during the Republic of China, it still occupied an important position in the salt industry in Yunnan and made a significant contribution to the Yunnan salt tax and fiscal revenue.Heijing is always in the forefront of Yunnan salt mine.Therefore it is really necessary to systemic study the salt of Heijing.This paper is divided into seven parts to write.Chapter one discusses the history of Heijing. The first salt mine of Heijing was exploited in the Tang dynasty. The Yuan government had specific officer to manage Heijing’s salt.In the Ming dynasty the number of salt well increased. During the Republic of China, the number increased to as many as.Chapter two describe to the production and transportation of Heijing’s salt. During Ming and Qing dynasty the production increased year by year and Heijing is the top of the wells in Yunnan. Although it declined in the Republic of China, it was still the most important one among the salt wells. Heijing’s salt was mainly transport to outside though dedicated channel by men or horse. Its sales area has changed several times.At first the sale area is around the center of Yunnan Province--Kunming.Then the area slowly extended east to the east of Yunnan such as Huize and the west of Guizhou, south to Mengzi, Pingbian, Xichou, Maguan and estuaries Ma Li slope areas. In the sale procession of Heijing’s salt illegal salt always persisted.The Government has taken various measures to seizing illegal salt in history.The government of Republic of China have set up anti-smuggling team,the tax police and other anti-smuggling agency class.But the effect is not obvious.Chapter three focuses on the production technology and production relationship of Heijing’s salt.The production technology of Heijing’s salt had a leading position in Yunnan, including salt brine extraction techniques and technologies. Before the Republic of China, there are no significant changes and developments. To the middle of Republic of China technology has improved and people invented the "full turn full filtration", making salt quality improved. Heijing bittern belong to the country.Its brine distribution system is based on small parts. Government reshuffle household stoves and corporations to reduce the cost and increase production during the Republic of China.But finally it failed.Chapter four considers the changes about government management of Heijing. Yuan government set WeiChuYanShiSi to manage the salt of Heijing.During the Ming and Qing dynasty, Government set HeiJingYanKeiJuSi.DuJianDuXiaoJu and ChangWuGongShu were set up to manage Heijing in Republic of China. Next is the production management system.From the Yuan Dynasty has a strict household registration were set up to control kitchen stove door.The Ming Dynasty set up a strict system of management stove BaoJia well.Qing dynasty put the purposes of this operation and increase salt production, The Republic of China Government open new mentions and establish the salary and other borrowings in order to increase salt production. Then next is the distribution system.The salt ticket was necessary for the transportation of the salt in history.The transport institution of salt in Heijing often changed for a long time.There are three main methods.First method is that salt was transported and sold by merchant.The second is that salt was transported by the government but sold by merchant.The finally way is that salt was transported and sold by the government.Each Anti-smuggling were very strict in each dynasty,In order to prevent, seizing salt smuggling, the government developed a variety of systems to punish the illegal ways,for example:peddling, private transportation and possession privately.Chapter five explores Salt tax and usages.The tax rates of Heijing’s salt was well mixed in history and the kind of salt tax are not the same. Expert the regular tax, various miscellaneous tax also existed.Annual amount of salt tax are the forefront of Yunnan Province.Salt tax is mainly used for the salary of soldiers, the salt funding, border issues and so on. After the loan in Republic of China, the tax also used to repay debt.Chapter six analyzes the relationship between salt and Heijing local economic development. This part is the difficult point and breakthrough point of this article. Firstly, the production and development of salt in Heijing prompted a halo farming production structure that Heijing region formed.And the formation of this structure promoted the development of salt in return;Secondly, the production and the trade of salt promoted the formation and development of Heijing;Thirdly, salt tax possession take a important situation of fiscal revenue in Yunnan and make a contribution to the Yunnan finance; Fourthly, during the production process of salt,the life and customs of local people were changed.It promote the development of local education and formed a unique culture of salt; Fifthly, wells with firewood fried do harm to the local ecological environment.This had a negative impact to the development of Heijing.In order to improve the ecological environment,The government of Heijing try to establish the afforestation area, built nursery and other measures to restore the ecology.Chapter seven evaluate to the salt of Heijing. Firstly, no matter what the salt production, salt tax and the quality of salt Salt are always the forefront of Yunnan salt wells. It occupied a pivotal position in the history of Yunnan Salt. Secondly, Yunnan Province is the China’s second largest salt production areas.And as an important origin of Yunnan Salt, There is no doubt that the salt of Heijing should not be underestimated and ignored.