| From May 2006 to February 2008,the species,their host plants and honey plants of butterflies were investigated in Xiamen.64 species,belonging to 45 genera 8 families, were collected.14 species in 6 genera belongs to Papilionidae,8 species in 7 genera belongs to Pieridae,8 species in 5 genera belongs to Danaidae,5 species in 4 genera belongs to Satyridae,1 species in 1 genera belongs to Amathusiidae,18 species in 13 genera belongs to Nymphalidae,6 species in 6 genera belongs to Lycaenidae,4 species in 3 genera belongs to Hesperiidae.More than 500 specimens of butterflies were collected.65 species in 28 families of host plants and 16 species in 10 families of honey plants were described.More than 1000 piece of ecological photos of the butterflies were taken.Papilio memnon Linnaeus preferred to lay their eggs on Citrus grandis.Papilio bianor Cramer preferred to lay their eggs on Evodia meliaefobia.Papilio xuthus Linnaeus and Papilio polytes Linnaeus can lay their eggs on Citrus reticulata,Citrus grandis,Evodia meliaefobia,Zanthoxylum ailanthoides,Zanthoxylum nitidum, Toddalia asiatica.Female adults of Idea leuconoe(Erichson) preferred to lay their eggs at the back of leaves.The oviposition peak was one day or two days later than the peak of mating.Female adults can oviposit during the daytime.The oviposition peak appeared at 16 to 18 o'clock with 51.50%of the total.Eggs hatch all the day long,most in the daytime with its peak at 16 to 18 o'clock(20.30%).Larval molting occurred in the early morning to noon:83.75%of the 1st instar larvae molted from 6 am to 10 am.88.73%of the 2nd instar larvae molted from 4 am to 8 am.95.31%of the 3rd instar larvae molted from 8 am to 12 am.64.97%of the 4th instar larvae molted from 10 am to 12 am. 66.38%of the 5th instar larvae pupated from 8 am to 10 am.99.15%of the adult emerged from 4 am to 8 am,0.85%of the adult emerged from 8 am to 10 am.When eggs treated at 5℃and 10℃for 1 day,2 days,3 days respectively,the average hatchability of the eggs was 50.56%.The hatchability at room temperature between 22℃to 28℃was 71.00%.When eggs treated at 5℃and 10℃for 7 days,10 days respectively,the average hatchability of the eggs decreased significantly to 2.00%. When pupae treated at 5℃,10℃for 1 day,2 days,3 days respectively,the average emergence rate of adult was 62.50%,lower than treating at room temperature between 22℃to 28℃(88.33%).When pupae treated at 5℃and 10℃for 7 days,10 days respectively,the average emergence rate of the adult decreased significantly.Temperature was a main factor effecting adult's activities.Adults(0.98%) fly or feed rarely when the temperature are above 35℃.86.92%of adults fly or feed at a temperature from 24℃to 32℃.The average emergence rate of adult were 92.22%and 90.83%under the condition of water-spraying once a day or once every two days respectively.The average of pupae eclosion were reduced to 63.54%under the condition of water-spraying three times a day,twice a day,once every three days and once every four days respectively.The best method was artificial raising indoor(66.67%).The better one was raising the 4th larvae indoor after bagging wild(61.67%).And the worst one was keeping outdoor(6.67%).90.00%of the 5th instar larvae which were raised in the box with 70 individuals of larvae pupated.The best honey plant was Pentas lanceolata(36.00%).The better one was artificial honey(19.40%).The longevity of adult individuals had notable differences.Some of them lived less than five days.Some even can live more than two months.The longest one was 85 days. The average of adults' life was 28.55 days.In Xiamen,the Idea leuconoe could be seen in the whole year.The emergence peak of the adults was in May.Then it reduced in July and August.From early September to early December,the number of the adults increased gradually.Low emergence happened in Mid-December.It had nine generations each year and the generations overlapped.The larval stage had five instars with four molting. |
PDF Full Text Request