Development, Based On Mitochondrial Coi Gene Sequences Of Bird Species In Molecular Systems

Fringillidae is belong to Passeriformes.It is the most speciose avian family in Passeriformes. Fringillidae distribute all over the world except Oceania,while there are more species in the Northern Hemisphere.There are about 677 species,classified in 152 genera in the world.The poor phylogenetic understanding of Fringillidae,and perhaps passerines in general,results in part from a lack of distinctive characters defining specific groups.Such a pattern is consistent with a history of rapid radiation and frequent parallel or convergent character evolution.So the classification of Fringillidae has been controversial.Presently,there are two mainly taxonomic system used by us. One is S&A&M system based on DNA-DNA hybridized technology,the other is based on morphological and ecological datas by Cheng in China.Cytb gene of mitochondrial DNA is used in phylogeny of birds extesively.But Col gene is used rarely in China.Howere,CoI gene possessed some advantage.For example,insertion and deletion are hardly found in CoI sequence.There are enough variable sites in CoI gene.It is easily amplified, and so on.There are more parsimonious-info sites in CoI gene for reconstructing phylogeny of birds. It is successfully applied to the study of molecular evolution of birds.In this paper by using CoI gene as molecular markers from mitochondrial DNA,the sequences of 36 species of Fringillidae are compared.We analysed their sequences compose and characteristic with the sorft of MEG3.0.We reconstruct Bayes,NJ and ML trees,Lanius isabellinus and Taeniopygia guttata as outgroup.Our results show that:1.The 1300bp fragments of CoI gene of 36 Fringillidae taxa showed that variable sites are 493,parsimonious-info sites are 384,conserved sites are 728.The average nucleotide frequencies(T,C,A,G) are 24.9%,30.5%,27.3%,17.4%.The content of the Pyrimidine(55.4%) is higher than the Purine(44.7%).CoI sequence is high AT(52.2%)content.Transition represent the bias of Tâ†'C,Câ†'T,and transversion represented the bias of Câ†'A,Aâ†'C.Amino acid sequences were composed of 433 amino acids.The number of conserved amino acids is 250.The number of variable amino acids is 100.The most common amino acids were Leu,Ser,Thr,and Pro.Cys,Lys are lower frequencies.2.The ratio of transition and tranversion(R) was 2.0.Transition is distinctly higher than tranversion.Transition and tranversion didn't have trend to be saturated.Analyses of tree length distribution and PTP test of data set showed strong phylogenetic signals and a strong correction of characteristics beyond that expected by random. 3.The uncorrected p-distance between ingroup and outgroup is from 0.129 to 0.166.In Genus Carduelis,the genetic distance is from 0.039 to 0.085.It is from 0.063 to 0.106 in Genus Carpodacus.In Genus Emberiza,the genetic distance variated from 0.021 to 0.112.Between finches and emberizids,finches and Coccothraustinae,Coccothraustinae and emberizids,the genetic distance variated respectively from 0.106 to0.157,from 0.095 to 0.147,from 0.097 to 0.123.4.Our results show that Calcarius is closely related to Emberiza,but don't support the view that the birds of Calcarius are within Emberiza.Calcarius is first to diverge with regard to Emberiza.Assuming a substitution rate of 2%per million years in each case,Calcarius may be estimated as diverging from its most recent common ancestor with Emberiza at 4.7—5MYA.5.Our results support the view that Latoucheornis siemsseni is included in Genus Emberiza as Emberiza siemsseni.There is close relationship between Latoucheornis siemsseni and E.elegans.6.This study suggests that the relationship between Emberiza pallasi and Emberiza yessoensis is more closely than Emberiza pallasi and Emberiza schoeniclus.Our results supports that Emberiza pallasi is sister to Emberiza yessoensis Emberiza is monophyletic.The relationship of E.cia and E. coides should be studied in the future.7.Our results confirms that there is close relationship between Mycerobas affinis and Eophona migratorius.They are both no close relationships with carduline finches.8.Leucosticte brandti is a sister species of Carduelis(C flavirostris,C sinica,C ambigua). Uncorrected P-distances among them are respectively 0.085,0.097,0.107.Uncorrected P-distance between Carpodacus and Carduelis is 0.087-0.109.Our results suggest that Leucosticte is closely related to carduline finches.9.Uragus sibiricus is closely related to Carpodacus and is not related to Pyrrhula.Although Uragus sibiricus is similar to Urocynchramus pylzowi,but Urocynchramus pylzowi is distantly related to Uragus sibiricus in this paper.10.According to genetic distance and topologic structure of tree,this study supports that fringillids and emberizids can be listed into two subfamilies under Family Fringillidae:Fringillinae and Emberizinae.