| The natural vocalizations of non-passerine(Columbia livia domesticus, Chicken), sub-oscinepasserine(Melopsittacus undulates. Psittacula Agapornis), Oscine passenon (Emberiza rutila) and the vocalizations of sub-oscine passerine(Melopsittacus undulates, Psittacula Agapornis) after sectioning NXIIts were recorded by SHARP GF-6060 recorder. Cooledit2000, an acoustic analyzing software, was used to produce the original wave and it's expanded time windows, sonograms, spectrums and power static histograms. To distinguish the acoustic differences of their natural vocal and to find the changes of sub-oscine passerine's song after sectioning NXIIts, the above results is acoustically analyzed and compared, expecting to provide some advantage to further explaining the mechanism of vocal production.The results showed that the acoustic structures of non-passerine, sub-oscine passerine and oscine passerine's songs have significant differences. The calls of non-passerine are some kinds of monotonous dull vocalizations with the characteristics of low and deep frequency, single syllable, low basic frequency and with no ability of modulation in frequency and amplitude. Most of the calls are monotonous and low quality mainly based on the basic song. Compare the vocal of sub-oscine passerine with non-passerine, they have some similar aspects, but the former possesses of stronger capability of vocal control. The tapes of their calls are increasing, such as single syllable calls, SSC; Multiple syllable Calls, MSC, Vari-tone Calls and Vibrational Calls, VC. And strong abilities of frequency modulation and amplitude modulation were represented. Their vocal quality is better than non-passerine, but still much less than oscine passerine. Compared with non-passerine, they appeared longer syllable length, higher basic frequency and more viable frequency ranges. Though the amplitude modulation properties enhanced their vocal production, the type of syllable is still stable and less of variety. So thephrase consisted of syllables are comparatively few and changes of the tone are relatively less. Oscine passerine is one of the animals possessing of the strongest vocal ability. The modulation of sound properties over a wide range of time scales is one of the most obvious characters of Oscine passerine's vocal, whose song contains many different kinds of syllables that consist of many more multiple song phrases. In oscine passerine, ipsilateral projections of RA to NXIIts innervates the ipsilateral syringeal muscles exactly, and thus they have strong ability of vocal control with variable tones, high frequency and higher lever of quality. As a result, the songs sound well.There were a series of special acoustic changes in Budgerigar and Psittacula Agapornis' vocal after the section of NXIIts. In the sonograms of Psittacula Agapornis after the section of right side NXIIts the ascending parts of the tone disappeared. This causes their vocalizations became the descendent-call. And in the sonograms with the left side NXIIts sectioned, the harmonic parts above the basic song were weaken or disappeared. Whereas after bilateral section of NXIIts, the sonogram appeared a series of wide banded harmonic waves with lower frequency. Still the spectrogram, in which there was exactly equal value between every frequency component, manifested the property of periodical oscillation. After the section of right side NXIIts in Budgerigar in the original sound wave's expanded time window, the higher amplitude pulse and the lower amplitude pulse exchanged alternately and also the higher amplitude is approximately as twice as the lower amplitude. The above outcomes show that NXIIts is most important in controlling the tone varieties and the numbers of the harmonic parts and the course of the vocal control maybe a process of alternative replacing. All the results in sub-oscine passerine will provide effective resources for the mechanism of avian vocal and the active character of NXIIts. |
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