| With the building of new socialist countryside and the New Urban and Rural Development policy, land management patterns in the small peasant economy which long-term laid down contract responsibility severely limits the process of the agricultural implements moderate scale operation, agricultural modernization and "the Practical Agriculture, Villages with Farmer". "Land bottleneck " gradually revealed, which set forth requirements for land transference. Land transference is the premise of agricultural appropriate land-scale. It has become the consensus of scholars and government. All governments carried out the work of land transference gradually on the local conditions. The mountainous and hilly physiognomy of Chongqing main up to 94%, terraces is poor. In the system of the household contract responsibility the "land inheritance system", farmers land management is decentralization and fragmentation. This is not conducive to large-scale agricultural operations. With the national economic system transformation, interregional flow of rural labor force increased year by year. The rapid development of rural non-agricultural industries in Chongqing led to increasing number of rural labor from agriculture to non-agricultural industries. All these set forth requirements for land transference and diversified farmer's livelihood strategies. According to the characteristics of livelihoods, we divided the farmers into 4 types, pure-agriculture households, agriculture-dependent households, non-agriculture-dependent households and non- agriculture households.This study bases on the related theories at home and abroad and research approaches, obtains the survey data by PRA at the example of 6 villages in Fuling Zhenxi Chongqing. It uses analysis methods of quantitative and qualitative, and describes the study area between different types of household livelihoods and the status of land transference and development from the perspective of farmer's livelihoods. Then it analyzes the influence factors of land transference using the Logit Model. Finally, it gives advices and make suggestions. The results show that:(1)From the classification of households living at the present stage, non-agriculture-dependent households is the most of the four types. Others are pure-agriculture households, agriculture-dependent households and non- agriculture households. Different types of farmers have significant differences in the family division of labor, age composition, and gender.â‘ In the configuration of labor, from the pure-agriculture households to the non- agriculture households, the proportion of farm labor in family descends, and the proportion of non-farm labor increases.â‘¡In the age structure of labors, the age of non-agricultural labor mainly centralizes in the 19-45 years. The age of labor in agriculture becomes older and older from the agriculture-dependent households, to the pure-agriculture households, to non-agriculture-dependent households, to non- agriculture households.â‘¢In the gender of the family, the proportion of male labor force in agriculture is higher than the proportion of women in the pure-agriculture households. Other types of farming households are just the opposite, and decline from the agriculture-dependent households, to non-agriculture-dependent households, to non- agriculture households.(2)The proportion of households that take part in the land transference occurs up to 83.73% in the study area. The proportion that transferring the land to the pure-agriculture households, the agriculture-dependent households, and non-agriculture-dependent households accounts for more than 50%, while the proportion of non- agriculture households that rolling out the land is high. The characteristics of land transference show that:the scale is small and Forms is mainly on the non-reimbursable contract, but the process is not standardized.(3)Different types of households have d ifferent land transferences.â‘ The proportion of households that not involved in land transference:non-agriculture-dependent households> pure-agriculture households>non- agriculture households>agriculture-dependent households.â‘¡The proportion of households that rolled in lands:agriculture-dependent households> pure-agriculture households>non-agriculture-dependent households>non- agriculture households.â‘¢The proportion of households that rolled out lands:non- agriculture households> non-agriculture-dependent households>pure-agriculture households>agriculture-dependent households. And the proportion of agriculture-dependent households is 0.â‘£The will that expanding the plant scale:agriculture-dependent households>pure-agriculture households> non-agriculture-dependent households>non- agriculture households. After improving the conditions of farming, the will that expand the plant scale will increase.(4)â‘ The more the age structure of labor force in agriculture tends to younger, more male labor, the less the proportion of non-farm income, the farmers dependent on the higher land, the wills of turning into the land higher. The higher the proportion of non-labor, the higher the farmers plow machine will buy slightly smaller, and the wills of turning out the land higher.â‘¡If the age structure of labor in agriculture tends to younger and the farmers have been transferred to the land, its willingness to expand the existing plant scale will be higher. The younger age structure of labor in pure-agriculture households, the willingness of expanding the existing plant scale will be higher. The smaller proportion of non-farm income of agriculture-dependent households, the dependence on land will be grater. If the family has the Micro-farming machine and enough labors, the willingness of expanding the existing plant scale will be higher. The smaller proportion of non-farm income of non-agriculture-dependent households, the dependence on land will be grater. The more male labor in agriculture, the family will has more Micro-farming machine and enough labors, and the willingness of expanding the existing plant scale will be higher(5)The future work of land transference is mainly to solve the contradictory between the farmers willing to expand the plant scale and the lack of land. Firstly, we take measures from the external conditions of the land systems and policies, for example, optimizing of government functions, establishing the market of land transference, improving the social security system. Secondly, we take measures from the farm levels, such as improving awareness of farmers on the land transference. For the pure-agriculture households and the agriculture-dependent households, we can improve rural social service system, raise the comparative effectiveness of agriculture, and develop appropriate scale. For the non-agriculture-dependent households and non- agriculture households, we can develop non-agricultural businesses to stabilize the non-agricultural labor force which has shifted.This study is meaningful for the understanding of the status and development of land transference in Chongqing, improving the land circulation system at the suitable time and place, and establishing a rational and effective mechanism for land transference. However, this study is still lack of long-tern longitudinal data to support, this is the next step in this direction of research. |
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