| During the 100 years from the completion of the Industrial Revolution to the ending of the World WarⅡ,the housing problems were always the biggest hidden troubles in Britain to influence its stability. The contradictory of housing had been existing for a long time and showed that: first,the individuals built the houses by themselves, and the price of new houses was so high that the common people could not afford it. The property ownership was dominated by the rich class. Second, although the resource of the houses was full enough, the housing rent was at will strongly, and confused extremely. The rent was lack of management by the government unifiedly. The result was that the ordinary people still could not afford the rent. During this period, although the Britain government had taken some measures to deal with the problems, the result was not ideal. The uppermost reason was that there was no powerful state cognitive intervention to guarantee the housing policy to carry out favorably. These contradictions indicated that the Britain governments before 1945 didn′t resolve the housing problems really and truly.In July 1945, the British Labor Party established a new government after it had beaten the Conservative Party. After Attlee government came into power, the Labor government paid emphasis on the means of state intervention. It brought the housing problem into"Welfare State"system and the housing problem became the important component of"Welfare State"policy. The principle of state intervention provided the possibility for the solution of housing problems.During the formulation process of the housing policy of the Labor Party, three was an intense argument in the parliament, Labor Party and other parties, surrounding the presiding organization of the house building, the chief undertaker of the house building, the rent subsidy of the government and the quantity and standard of the house building. Attlee government constituted a series of new housing acts, including"Limiting the Housing Rent"Act, 1946 Housing Act, 1946 Housing Act Amendment and"New Town and suburb"Housing Planning. The most important act of them was 1946 Housing Act. It mainly included that the government bought the building materials and purchased the building land and programmed the rent subsidy of new houses unitedly, and so on."Limiting the Housing Rent"Act was a temporary act in order to resolve the rent contradiction for the time before the government′s formal housing acts were brought out. 1946 Housing Act Amendment aimed at 1946 Housing Act to make related complement, mainly relaxed the original restriction on the condition of acquiring and renting houses and further enlarged the fields in sharing government′s rent subsidy."New Town and Suburb"Housing Planning was an assistant measure that mainly relieved the housing pressure in the downtown area.During the reign of the Labor Party , the specific implement of housing policy was divided into three phases. In the first phase, the Labor Party government chiefly carried out the temporary"Limiting the Housing Rent"Act from the normal housing act brought out ahead to 1946. In the second phase, the government mainly carried out 1946 Housing Act and 1946 Housing Act Amendment which made a further improvement for the former one from 1946 to 1949. In the third phase, from 1950 to 1951, the Labor Party government began to have a try and carry out planning of"building houses on a large scale in the capital suburb",which is also known as"New Town and Suburb"Housing Planning. Taking all things together, the Labor the major government′s housing policy and the coalition of local authority and private contractors as the major constructive power,with the development target was economy rent houses, relying on the government′s rent subsidy as a support, and insisting on the principle of"the quality is prior to the quantity", totally offered the living houses 1,016,394 sets,( including the repaired houses), until 1951 when took another general election.From 1945 to 1951, one million sets houses provided by Attlee government had resolved the housing problems about 50 percent population. These newly-built houses improved much than those of houses built by former antecedent government in quality, area, and inner supporting facilities. The foremost is that these new houses belonged to Cheap Renting Houses of government mostly. The residents broke a variety of original restrictions,and the working class also could live in these houses through equally sharing the government rent subsidy, which the former government could not achieve. from these respects, the housing policy of the Labor government was worthy to confirm. However, according to the last building achievements of the , the Labor government did not realize the promise of"Let every British family enjoy fine housing condition",which had been mentioned in the declaration of candidacy. And the Labor government did not accomplished its original target of finishing building 2,000,000 set of houses, there still had approximately one half population to be homeless. The main reason that the Labor Party Government had not completed the building aim was that all kinds of resources and labors were short extremely postwar and the Labor Party Government paid emphasis on the amenity of houses too much and ignored the sense of urgency of housing quantity. At last, the quantity of housing project was not inosculate the actual number of houses. It was the limitation of the housing policy of the Labor Party government.Attlee Labor government was the first session government after World WarⅡ. Its state intervention that adopted at housing policy was manifested that the Housing Department of central government not only commanded housing building but also took part in purchasing raw materials and acquiring land and supervised the local authority and private contractors as well. On the issue of rent, the central government laid the rent amount out unitedly and let the rent subsidy and the public′s necessary amount combine. State intervention was throughout their lives. The Labor government′s state intervention policy gained the approval and succession of subsequent government. Since Attlee Labor government in 1945, the subsequent government has permeated the state intervention thought more and less in housing innovation. |
