| Wumeng Mountain is the major wintering habitat of black-necked crane, Caohai, Guizhou, Huize and Dashanbao, Yunnan, are the important wetlands in this region. Currently, the difference analysis of waterbird community structure and black-necked cranes habitat selection in three survey spots has not been carried out, while the seasonal dynamics of waterbird community and the relationship between landscape changes and the number of black-necked cranes are still vacancies in Caohai Nature Reserve, based on these series of questions, this study has been carried out, research results are hereby reported as follows:1、Seasonal surveys of major waterbird were conducted by the method of line transect and point count in the Caohai Nature Reserve of Guizhou Provence from early March 2013 to late February 2014. Twenty-three species of water birds, belong to 6 orders, 8 families, were recorded in spring. Fifteen species, belong to 5 orders, 7 families, were recorded in summer. Thirty-two species, belong to 6 orders, 11 families, were recorded in autumn. Thirty-two species, belong to 6 orders, 10 families, were recorded in winter. Species were rich during autumn and winter, and birds of Anseriformes were abundant. The waterbird communities decreased from early spring to middle summer, and increased from later summer to later winter.There was a seasonal fluctuation in the bird quantity of Anseriformes and Gruiformes. The species diversities in shoal water and swamp meadow were higher among all seasons.2、Anser indicus、Tadorna ferruginea、Anas penelope、Anas strepera、Fulica atra、Grus grus and Grus nigricollis are choosen for ecological niche analysis, the result shows that, the niche breadth of Tadorna ferruginea、Anser indicus、Grus grus and Grus nigricollis are larger than the others,which means lower degree of specialization. The analysis of niche overlap makes clear that niche overlap between Fulica atra and Anas strepera is the highest(C=0.96), and it is 0.95 between Anas strepera and Anas Penelope, 0.91 between Anas strepera and Fulica atra, niche overlap of Grus nigricollis to Tadorna ferruginea、Anser indicus and Grus grus is 0.70, 0.56 and 0.56.3、Winter surveys of major waterbird were conducted in the Huize Nature Reserve and the Dashanbao Nature Reserve of Yunnan Provence by the same method from early October 2013 to February 2014. The comparison of waterbird species among Caohai and Huize and Dashanbao Reserve shows that the waterbird communitiy formed by winter bird and resident bird, and dominanted by northern type water birds in these 3 areas. What’s more, waterbird species veried among these 3 areas, Caohai(36) > Huize(25) > Dashanbao(13),birds of Anseriformes were dominant species. Ciconiiformes and Charadriiformes were more abundant in Caohai. The dominant species are Fulica atra and Anas Penelope in Caohai, Grus nigricollis and Anas crecca in Huize, Grus nigricollis and Anser indicus in Dashanbao. Grus nigricollis plays a chief part in water bird community in Huize and Dashanbao Nature Reserve.4、Species diversity analysis of 3 surveyed spots indicates: Shannon-wiener species diversity index: Huize(H′=2.66)>Caohai(H′=1.62)>Dashanbao(H′=1.39), Pielou evenness index: Huize(J′=0.83) > Dashanbao(J′=0.54) > Caohai(J′=0.45). Species diversity and evenness are the highest in Huize. Jaccard similarity analysis demonstrates that water bird community similarity of Caohai and Huize is moderately similar(C=0.56), community similarity of Huize and Dashanbao is moderately dissimilar(C=0.41), so it is of Caohai and Dashanbao(C=0.36). Species diversities in shoal water are highest in all 3 areas. Species evenness in shoal water is highest in Caohai, then the swamp meadow, and the species evevnesses in deep water are the highest in Huize and Dashanbao, then the shoal water.5、The habitat factor analysis of Black-necked crane in 3 survey spots indicates that constraints to the habitat selection are different in diverse environment. The disturbance of human residential area is the main factor constrains the habitat selection of Black-necked crane in Caohai, while the source of water is the main factor constrains the habitat selection of Black-necked crane in Huize, and the human disturbance of roads is the major factor constrains the habitat selection of Blacknecked crane in Dashanbao.6、Interpreting and classification have been done to the satellite images of Huyelin from2000 to 2014. Correlation analysis of the landscape indexs and the number of black-necked cranes in the same time was made to reflect the relationship between the number of black-necked cranes and landscape change. Since 2000, area of construction land, deepwater zone and swamp meadow were increasing, the others were decresing. NP was increasing and MPS was decresing. LPI of cultivated land was the highest in every period of time and LPI of swamp meadow was also increasing what provided rich food and ideal hidden. Incresing of LPI of construction land means the stronger disturbance, and the increasing of TE, ED and LSI means the increasing complexity of landscape edge. AI of deepwater zone and cultivated land were high in all period, which means the good contectivity of different paths. Except the construction land, AI of the other paths was decresing. IJI of construction land and shoalwater zone was droping. Decresing of CONTAG and increasing of diversity index all show the landscape fragmentation.7、From 2000 to 2014, year-variation of the number of Black-necked crane in Huyelin was similar to the total number in the whole reserve, they are incresing. Correlation analysis shows that, AI, MPS and CONTAG were negatively correlated with the quantity of crane. AI has the highest correlation value. LSI, TE, NP and IJI were positively correlated with the quantity of crane, and LSI has a high correlation value. Since 2000, variation of these indexes all indicates the intensified fragmentation and heterogeneity.The similarities and differences of waterbird diversity and Black-necked crane habitat selection of the 3 areas in Wumeng Mountain where Caohai is the key one are mastered by analyzing waterbird community structure and seasonal dynamics in Caohai, and the comparison of water bird community structure and Black-necked crane habitat selection in three areas, which provides the scientific and foundmantal data source for strengthening waterbird crane protection like black-necked and the Wumeng mountain wetland ecosystem. Base on this study, managers should strengthen the protection work in wintering period, monitor the key habitats, and control the human disturbance strictly. |
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