| In this research, the genetic diversity of 5 geographical populations of Canis lupus in China and Mongolian were evaluated by choosing the mtDNA D-loop fragment as genetic marker. The purpose of the research is to evaluate genetic diversity of 5 geographical populations of wolf in northwestern of Mongolia and northern of Xinjiang, China,and to provide base genetic information for classification of Canis lupus in the world. The results as following:1. Nucleotide variation of mtDNA D-loop of 5 geographical populations of Canis lupusThe length of mt DNA D-loop in 5 geographical populations of Canis lupus in northwestern of Mongolia and northern of Xinjiang was varied from 532 bp to 540 bp. A total of 36 variation sites were analyzed, accounting for 6.766% of total nucleotide sequences. There were15 haplotypes were defined based on 36 polymorphic sites. By comparing total mtDNA contral region, the parsimony informative sites and single variable sites were 15 and 14. The average A, T, C and G contents in mtDNA contral region were 26.3%, 30.0%, 27.1% and 16.6%, respectively. The contents of A+T(56.3%) are higher than G+C(43.7%). There were 11 transitions and only 1 transversions within 36 variable sites,the transition was main substitution type.2.Genetic diversity of Canis lupus in northwestern of Mongolia and northern of Xinjiang, ChinaThe sequences analysis results of 15 haplotypes were determined of 52 samples from northwestern of Mongolia and northern of Xinjiang, China. Among them, the northwestern Mongolian populations has 8 haplotypes, the Qinghe populations has 3 haplotypes, Altai populations has 4 haplotypes, Sawuer populations has 2 haplotypes and karamori populations has 2 haplotypes, respectively. In addition to haplotypes 4,5 and 6,others were the unique in each geographic population. A relatively high haplotype diversity(0.865± 0.035) and relatively low nucleotide diversity(0.01056± 0.00419) were noted for all researched groups of wolf based on mtDNA contral region. 3.The genetic distance between 5 geographical populations of Canis lupus in northwestern of Mongolia and northern of Xinjiang, China.Using Kimura 2-parameter model to calculate genetic distance between different geographic populations. The results indicated that genetic distance between different geographical populations is varied from 0.00385 to 0.02013. The genetic distance was highest between northwestern Mongolian and Sawuer populations(0.02013)while smallest between Sawuer and karamori populations(0.00385). The average genetic distance was 0.01092.4.The gene flow and genetic differentiation between 5 geographical populations of Canis lupusUsing DnaSP5.10 software to calculate the gene flow and genetic differentiation between 5 geographical populations of Canis lupus. The Fst value ranged from 0.08063 to 0.78592. The Fst value was highest between northwestern Mongolian and karamori populations(0.78592) while smallest between Altai and Qinghe populations(0.08063). The gene flow between different populations was 0.06809-2.85058. The gene flow was highest between Altai and Qinghe populations(2.85058),while smallest between northwestern Mongolian and Karamori populations(0.06809).5. The phylogenetic relationship of haplotypes between different populations of Canis lupus in northwestern of Mongolia and northern of Xinjiang, ChinaThe phylogenetic tree and network diagram of mtDNA D-loop haplotypes of Canis lupus was constructed by using MEGA5.10 and Network4.1.1.2 software. Among them,15 haplotypes were divided into groups A(Clade A) and B(Clade B) branch. The 6 haplotypes, accounted for 40% of total haplotypes, were clustered into Clade B and that those of 9 haplotypes, accounted for 60% of total haplotypes, formed Clade A. The 2 haplotypes from northwestern Mongolian populations and 7 haplotypes from xinjiang populations were clustered into Clade A. But clade B were consisted of 6 haplotypes from northwestern Mongolian.6. The demographic history of Canis lupus in northwestern of Mongolia and northern of Xinjiang, ChinaThe Tajima’s D, Fu’s Fs neutral test statistics of Canis lupus in China and Mongolian were analyzed by using DnaSP5.10 software. The Tajima’s D neutral test results were negative on average of northwestern Mongolian populations and Xinjiang groups. The Fu’s Fs neutral test results ranged from-1.530 to 1.237.Except karamori populations was negative and others was positive. It implies that the northwestern Mongolian populations have not been experienced population expansion model, whereas the population history was maintaining stability. Moreover, Xinjiang groups have been experienced population expansion model.7. The diverge time among five species in northwestern of Mongolia and northern of Xinjiang, ChinaThe divergence time formula is t = D/2r. Genetic distance based on D-loop sequences and average nucleotide substitution rate of correction mammalian D-loop sequences are also ued for caculating the evolutionary divergence time of different wolf populations in northwestern of Mongolia and northern of Xinjiang, China. The divergent time of northwestern Mongolia population with other four geographic populations was much earlier than the divergent time between QH,ALT,SUR and KAR populations... |
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