Distribution Patterns And Its Impact Factors On Tephritidae China(Diptera)

The family Tephritidae is one of the most economically important families of acalyptrate Diptera. They are almost all phytophagous, only a few feeding on the excretion of other insects or as parasites of other insects. most of species in the family Tephritidae are serious pests in agriculture and other species also useful for the control of weeds.China is one of the richest tephritid species in the world, The fruit fly species in China accounted for over10%of the total species in the world,and more than60%of east Asia. Meanwhile, China is also one of the most impacted areas of tephritid fruit flies in the world, many tropical tephritid species have caused great economic losses at the fruit and vegetable production in Most of the region in central and southern China, such as the Baetrocera. And in the north of our country, some species of the genus Rhagoletis and Carpomya has brought the huge losses for the agroforestry production.China is an international hotspots for damage and invasion by harmful fruit flies, is close to countries of fruit fly origin in South Asia and southeast Asia. The fruit fly species, distribution and other basic data in our country is still extremely deficient and scattered at present, Directly affect the systematicness and pertinence of related Tephritidae quarantine and control strategy. it is necessary for fruit fly research on species, geographic distribution and damage situation as well as the research on tephritid biological geography and its relationship between the distribution pattern and environmental factors, is not only the basic requirement of agricultural production safety, also can provide the basic data for the follow-up study of fruit fly.The present research has carried on the review of systems for fruit fly and to discusses the tephritid fruit flies in our country.The present research consisted of three sections, the first section focused on the existing fruit fly species and distribution characteristics. Research shows that a total of609species in123genera,3subfamily were recorded for China’s existing Tephritidae fruit fly.Among the recorded species,243species were subfamily Trypetinae,214species were Tephritinae and152species for Dacinae. In the genus level, Bactrocera was the most dominant genera, accounting for12.15%of total species of Tephritidae. In addition, the endemic species of fruit fly in our country is abundant, there are365endemic species among the total species. Yunnan province has the richest fruit fly species and the most abundant endemic species which is located in the southwest of China, followed by Taiwan and Sichuan province. At the level of sunfamily, the richest specie of Dacinae is in yunnan province with91species; subfamily Trypetinae in sichuan province is the most abundant wiht73species; but subfamily Tephritinae is mainly concentrated in xinjiang, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and heilongjiang region, with51species in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region as the most.Second section of the present research is to discuss the Tephritidae Biogeography in China. The result indicated that the administrative division of the biogeography of China’s fruit fly consisted of seven regions, including the South tropical-subtropical Region, North semi-humid-arid Region, Sichuan Basin region, Middle-Lower Yangtze Region, Tibetan Plateau Region, Beijing-Tianjin-Shandong Peninsula Region and Liaoning Peninsula Region. South tropical-subtropical Region has the richest number of fruit fly sepecies.The biogeography of subfamilies and representative genus of fruit fly, which can be divided into5-7regions dissimilarly, according to their respective characteristics. Distribution of Dacinae throughout the south of China’s Qinling-Huaihe Line region, such as Bactrocera. Tephritinae distribute in north of the Qinling-Huaihe river, such as Tephritis. And Trypetinae are mainly distribute in the Yangtze river basin and the southwest region, such as Trypeta.Third section of the paper further analyzed the climatic or environmental foundation of fruit flies’ geographical distribution based on the35Biological climate factors on family、subfamily or genus levels.Using stepwise regression analysis and PCA (principal component analysis), the results showed that temperature was the most influential factor in determining tephritid fruit fly’s richness, followed by precipitation and sola-r radiation.The three factors Work together to acting on the growth and reproduction of tephritid,as well as the host-plant which Affecting the geographical distribution of fruit fly. Among the temperature, Mean diurnal temperature range (Bio2) and Isothermality (Bio3) were the key factor determining the distribution of these fruit flies.Based on the above-mentioned results, the present research proposed some suggestions that the prevention and control of fruit fly pests in our country may divided into three regions:one is the yunnan province to the south China area, including Taiwan, hainan islands, as the key areas for fruit fly pests prevention and control. Many tropical and subtropical tephritid pests like Bactrocera and Dacus should be the main monitoring groups, to prevent these tephritids species spread to other regions. The second is the Yangtze river area, including Tibet, sichuan, east China and central China area most, The key species for prevention and control are subtropical fruit fly species and some harmful species in Tryprtinae subfamily. In the meantime, take some activity to construct Tackle zone for important fruit fly pests come from the south of China.The third is north of Qinling-Huaihe area, including the northwest, north China, Inner Mongolia, the region with temperate fruit flies as the main species, and some subtropical fruit fly can spread to this area, should be monitoring and control, deal with the warning job of local harmful tephritid species disaster, in order to prevent the tropical and subtropical fruit fly pests Seasonal diffusion or broke out in these ares.The present research finishing up the information about fruit fly, completed a database for Tephritidae in china, and built an explorative study on fruit fly biogeography in China. The study now provides some basic data for other research, and gives the reference for fruit fly quarantine and control in our country.