Study On Biosensors Based On Nanostructure Materials

Nanomaterials constitute an emerging subdiscipline of the chemical and materials sciences that deals with the development of methods for synthesizing nanoscopic particles of a desired material and with scientific investigations of the nanomaterials obtained. Nanostructures are assembles of bonded atoms that have dimensions in the range of 1 to 10² nanometers (1nm=10^-9M=10A). Nanomaterials have numerous possible commercial and technological applications, including uses in analytical chemistry, electronic, optical, and mechanical devices, drug delivery, and bioencapsulation.Nanomateials and electrochemical have a long shared history. At present, one of the most promising analytical fields is that of the biosensors. Since the first idea of utilizing enzyme reactions with electrochemical sensors, a great number of papers have been published in this field. Biosensors are constituted by a biological structure (enzyme, cells, cell particles, tissues, antibodies, etc.) immobilized on a transducer. One of the main analytical advantages of biosensors is their high selectivity, which makes them able to recognize the analyte in a complex sample. So, sample treatment can be reduced to a minimum, avoiding any associated problems.Nanomaterials frequently display unusual physical and chemical properties, depending upon their size, shape, and stabilizing agents. Nanomaterials also facilitate the electron transfer and can be easily modified with a wide range of biomolecules and chemical ligands. Electrochemical behavior and application of nanoparticles have witnessed a significant growth in the past few years. The modification of electrode surfaces with redox-active metal nanoparticles has led to the development of various electrochemical sensors.During the last 20 years numerous attempts have been made to create sensitive,...