The Study On The Management System Reform Of German Higher Education Since The 1990's

At the beginning of 19^th century, Humboldt and other scholars put forward a set of unique management idea in the university reform. In that idea, universities should be hosted by the country; the country provides necessary financial support and system guarantee for the existence and development of universities which should be under the management of country(mainly by the state government);As a social organization, a university has the right of academic autonomy, and academic business can be handled by the university itself(mainly by professors).Under the guidance of this idea, the high education management model of National Bureaucracy to Professor in German had come into being, and benefiting from this system, Germanic universities stepped out of the haze and stand on the peak of high education for more than 100 years.In the second half of the 20th century, this management system began to show its maladjustment to the requirements of new times. International competition is becoming fiercer, and the function of high education in the promotion of a nation's competitiveness is more and more obvious. But the performance of German higher education was rather disappointing. In the criticisms, higher education management system and the thinking behind it is seen as the main source of all the disadvantages. Since the 1990's, in order to adapt to the international development and meet the needs of domestic and international expectations, the German government carried out a series of reforms in the management system of higher education. Taking measures like government decentralization, expansion of university autonomy and introduction of market elements, they tried to establish universities of competitive, efficient, and sense of quality and responsibility.Adopting the method of literature analysis and historical research, we study the management system reform of German higher education since the 1990's.In the research, we backtrack the tradition of German higher educational management and the development since World War II, especially the big reform of higher education management at the end of the 1960's, to show the basic outline of German higher education management system. We analyze the two Germanys reunification, globalization and European integration under the new environment, the popularization of higher education and the shortage of educational resources on the challenges of higher education management system, as well as new public management in Germany impact on the management system of higher education, to explore the internal and external cause for the management system reform of German higher education since 1990's. We introduce the main contents of this management system reform of German higher education, including the federal government and state government powers in the game in higher education, the government to expand the university autonomy, and the university to enhance the sense of competition and efficiency; the decentralization reform measures taken in the universities' finance system, personnel system, school enrollment system; and the exploration to reform their internal management model, to sum up and find out the characteristics of German higher education management system and the problems lies in since the 1990's.Since the 1990's, the management system reform of German higher education has gone through the course of more than a decade, and china can take some of effective reform measures for reference. Though the management systems of two countries are totally different, their targets of taking the initiative to meet the increasingly competitive international environment, improving the quality of higher education, enhancing the international competitiveness, and the boosting function of higher education played in economic society are the same. So, combined with China's national conditions , the research also put forward two reform proposals for present situation management system of higher education...