A Study On Negotiation With Foreigners In Hunan And Hubei Region

In 1860,Hankou was forced to be a treaty port,。It's an opportunity for officials in Hunan and Hubei provinces to deal with negotiation.There were a lot of negotiation with foreigners.The main contents of this paper is that the negotiation with foreigners in Hunan and Hubei province, from 1860 to 1911.It consists of the following four parts:Part One:This part describes the system of negotiation with foreigners,including the local officials'power,the pesons and local organ of handling with negotiation,the process,their relations each other and the relation with central diplomatic institutions as well as Nanyang Minister.Part Two:This part analysises the species of the negotiation with foreigners,including settlements,foreign trade affairs, railway, mining, etc. And there are many important examples to prove it.Part There:The subject of this part is "the mature and helpless of the negotiation with foreigners",making an assessment of the local officials'negotiation. The officials only obeyed the order of central diplomatic institutions in the beginning.But late on,they were able to deal with the negotiation based on the interestes of Hunan and Hubei region. and even dared to deny the order of central diplomatic mission. However, because the western powers had a series of privileges in China,the local officials had no choice but to give up some interests.Part Four:This part summarizes some basic characteristics which includes mainly these aspects:the system,the negotiation events,the public factor,the relationship with the coast. Attention should be payed to the relationship between Hunan and Hubei region and the coast.At first,the local officials should learm from the coast,but later it appeared a situationt that the negotiation with foreigners between them worked together.In any case, the local governors had an increasingly higher level. However, under the framework of unequal treaties, the local officials only handled with negotiation carefully and difficultly,so as to safeguard the local and national interests.