The Study On The Changes In Ecological Environment Of Chengde During Ming And Qing Dynasties

Chengde City is in the center of Yanshan Mountain which is in the north-east of Hebei Province. It is on the south of Liaoning and Neimeng provinces, on the north of Beijing and Tianjin. it lies to east of Qinhuangdao and southeast of Tangshan which are both in the Hebei Province . It lies to Zhangjiakou city. It has a very important geographical position, which is one of Beijing and tianjin's water resources. So its environmental quality has a big effect on Beijing and Tianjin's.In ancient time, Chengde has a good ecological environment, mainly to forest and grassland. Its cultivated areas have been relatively scarce, but had a high percentage of forest cover, where a lot of valuable animal and plant resources growed because of its good ecological conditions.Although the agriculture origins in Chengde is early and the district had discovered the original relics of the Neolithic Age which related to agriculture, the time of Large-scale land reclamation was late. With the population and demands of life increase in Feudal society, human obtained materials from the forest more and more which lead to a continual damage of forest and grassland. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the ecological environment had been seriously damaged, particularly in the Qing Dynasty. A large number of people moved to Chengde. Large-scale land reclamation began at that time. With the increase of population and the destruction of Revolution war in 1911, the destruction of forest vegetation system had leaded to the changes in the ecological environment, large quantities of precious plants and animals resources extinction, climate warming, and frequent occurrence of natural disasters. The soil eroded seriously soil erosion. Vast areas of land had become desert. This study attempts to analyze the reasons why Chengde's ecological environment had changed and the consequences by researching the changes of its forest and grassland. At the same time, we try to find the channels of improving ecological environment of Chengde.This article is divided into three parts. In the first part, we briefly introduced the position, the evolution of administrative divisions and ecological overview of Chengde. In the second part, writer analyze the historical process of the changes in ecological environment of Chengde and the reasons for the changes. Particularly in Ming and Qing Dynasties, because of the special geographical location, the increasing population brought about a number of environmental problems. Part three described the brought serious consequences after the destruction of the ecological environment to Chengde, such as global warming; precious resources of animals and plants threatened extinction; growing area of sandy soil; frequent occurrence of natural disasters and so on. It also eriously hampered the economic Chengde Development. So to sum up historical experiences and lessons to Chengde, we put forward economic development environmental protection measures: adhering to the strategy of sustainable development, Taking a variety of measures to restor the natural ecosystem and coordinating development between tourism and environmental protection Chengde.